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      Another Record: Ocean Warming Continues through 2021 despite La Niña Conditions

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          Abstract

          The increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere from human activities traps heat within the climate system and increases ocean heat content (OHC). Here, we provide the first analysis of recent OHC changes through 2021 from two international groups. The world ocean, in 2021, was the hottest ever recorded by humans, and the 2021 annual OHC value is even higher than last year’s record value by 14 ± 11 ZJ (1 zetta J = 10 21 J) using the IAP/CAS dataset and by 16 ± 10 ZJ using NCEI/NOAA dataset. The long-term ocean warming is larger in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans than in other regions and is mainly attributed, via climate model simulations, to an increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. The year-to-year variation of OHC is primarily tied to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the seven maritime domains of the Indian, Tropical Atlantic, North Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, North Pacific, Southern oceans, and the Mediterranean Sea, robust warming is observed but with distinct inter-annual to decadal variability. Four out of seven domains showed record-high heat content in 2021. The anomalous global and regional ocean warming established in this study should be incorporated into climate risk assessments, adaptation, and mitigation.

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          Most cited references101

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          The Community Earth System Model (CESM) Large Ensemble Project: A Community Resource for Studying Climate Change in the Presence of Internal Climate Variability

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            Exceptional twentieth-century slowdown in Atlantic Ocean overturning circulation

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              Warming of the World Ocean

              S Levitus (2000)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                chenglij@mail.iap.ac.cn
                Journal
                Adv Atmos Sci
                Adv Atmos Sci
                Advances in Atmospheric Sciences
                Science Press (Heidelberg )
                0256-1530
                1861-9533
                11 January 2022
                11 January 2022
                : 1-13
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.9227.e, ISNI 0000000119573309, International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Beijing, 100029 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.9227.e, ISNI 0000000119573309, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Qingdao, 266071 China
                [3 ]University of St. Thomas, School of Engineering, Minnesota, 55105 USA
                [4 ]GRID grid.57828.30, ISNI 0000 0004 0637 9680, National Center for Atmospheric Research, ; Boulder, Colorado 80307 USA
                [5 ]GRID grid.3532.7, ISNI 0000 0001 1266 2261, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information, ; Silver Spring, Maryland 20910 USA
                [6 ]GRID grid.29857.31, ISNI 0000 0001 2097 4281, Department of Meteorology & Atmospheric Science, , The Pennsylvania State University, ; University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
                [7 ]GRID grid.9227.e, ISNI 0000000119573309, Institute of Oceanology, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Qingdao, 266071 China
                [8 ]GRID grid.508339.4, ISNI 0000 0004 4669 7843, National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center, Ministry of Natural Resources of China, ; Beijing, 100081 China
                [9 ]GRID grid.257065.3, ISNI 0000 0004 1760 3465, College of Oceanography, , Hohai University, ; Nanjing, 210098 China
                [10 ]GRID grid.453137.7, ISNI 0000 0004 0406 0561, National Marine Data and Information Service, ; Tianjin, 300171 China
                [11 ]Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, S. Teresa Research Center, Lerici, 19032 Italy
                [12 ]GRID grid.410348.a, ISNI 0000 0001 2300 5064, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sede di Bologna, ; Bologna, 40128 Italy
                [13 ]GRID grid.9227.e, ISNI 0000000119573309, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, , Chinese Academy of Sciences, ; Guangzhou, 510301 China
                [14 ]GRID grid.164295.d, ISNI 0000 0001 0941 7177, ESSIC/CISESS-MD, , University of Maryland, ; College Park, MD 20742 USA
                Article
                1461
                10.1007/s00376-022-1461-3
                8748534
                35035014
                8c7d767c-ac24-42e1-830f-88e477e8a91c
                © The Author(s) 2022

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author (s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 19 December 2021
                : 8 January 2022
                : 10 January 2022
                Categories
                Original Paper

                la niña,ocean heat,ocean warming,attribution,observation
                la niña, ocean heat, ocean warming, attribution, observation

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