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      Preliminary Outcomes of Combined Treadmill and Overground High-Intensity Interval Training in Ambulatory Chronic Stroke

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Locomotor high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a promising intervention for stroke rehabilitation. However, overground translation of treadmill speed gains has been somewhat limited, some important outcomes have not been tested and baseline response predictors are poorly understood. This pilot study aimed to guide future research by assessing preliminary outcomes of combined overground and treadmill HIIT.

          Materials and Methods

          Ten participants >6 months post-stroke were assessed before and after a 4-week no-intervention control phase and a 4-week treatment phase involving 12 sessions of overground and treadmill HIIT.

          Results

          Overground and treadmill gait function both improved during the treatment phase relative to the control phase, with overground speed changes averaging 61% of treadmill speed changes (95% CI: 33–89%). Moderate or larger effect sizes were observed for measures of gait performance, balance, fitness, cognition, fatigue, perceived change and brain volume. Participants with baseline comfortable gait speed <0.4 m/s had less absolute improvement in walking capacity but similar proportional and perceived changes.

          Conclusions

          These findings reinforce the potential of locomotor HIIT research for stroke rehabilitation and provide guidance for more definitive studies. Based on the current results, future locomotor HIIT studies should consider including: (1) both overground and treadmill training; (2) measures of cognition, fatigue and brain volume, to complement typical motor and fitness assessment; and (3) baseline gait speed as a covariate.

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          FSL.

          Mark Jenkinson, Christian F. Beckmann, Timothy Behrens … (2012)
          FSL (the FMRIB Software Library) is a comprehensive library of analysis tools for functional, structural and diffusion MRI brain imaging data, written mainly by members of the Analysis Group, FMRIB, Oxford. For this NeuroImage special issue on "20 years of fMRI" we have been asked to write about the history, developments and current status of FSL. We also include some descriptions of parts of FSL that are not well covered in the existing literature. We hope that some of this content might be of interest to users of FSL, and also maybe to new research groups considering creating, releasing and supporting new software packages for brain image analysis. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            FreeSurfer.

            Bruce Fischl, Chuhua Fu (2013)
            FreeSurfer is a suite of tools for the analysis of neuroimaging data that provides an array of algorithms to quantify the functional, connectional and structural properties of the human brain. It has evolved from a package primarily aimed at generating surface representations of the cerebral cortex into one that automatically creates models of most macroscopically visible structures in the human brain given any reasonable T1-weighted input image. It is freely available, runs on a wide variety of hardware and software platforms, and is open source. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test.

              (2002)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Neurol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Neurol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Neurol.
                Title: Frontiers in Neurology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-2295
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 February 2022
                Publication date Collection: 2022
                Volume: 13
                Electronic Location Identifier: 812875
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, United States
                [2] 2Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, United States
                [3] 3Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware , Newark, DE, United States
                [4] 4Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Professions, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS, United States
                [5] 5Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Allied Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, OH, United States
                Author notes

                Edited by: Sangeetha Madhavan, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States

                Reviewed by: Natasha A. Lannin, Monash University, Australia; Agnieszka Guzik, University of Rzeszow, Poland

                *Correspondence: Pierce Boyne Pierce.Boyne@ 123456uc.edu

                This article was submitted to Neurorehabilitation, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neurology

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.812875
                PMC ID: 8854218
                PubMed ID: 35185766
                SO-VID: 8c15f9b1-fcb4-4b2c-8c35-c1f7dfa9682f
                Copyright © Copyright © 2022 Boyne, Doren, Scholl, Staggs, Whitesel, Carl, Shatz, Sawyer, Awosika, Reisman, Billinger, Kissela, Vannest and Dunning.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 10 November 2021
                Date accepted : 11 January 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 78, Pages: 13, Words: 9834
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institutes of Health, doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: KL2TR001426
                Award ID: R01HD093694
                Award ID: UL1TR001425
                Funded by: American Heart Association, doi 10.13039/100000968;
                Award ID: 17MCPRP33670446
                Categories
                Subject: Neurology
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: locomotion,gait,aerobic exercise,brain,magnetic resonance imaging
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: locomotion, gait, aerobic exercise, brain, magnetic resonance imaging

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