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      Hábito de fumar y estilo de vida en una población urbana Translated title: Smoking and lifestyle in an urban population

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          Abstract

          El tabaco es nocivo para la salud y afecta a muchas personas en el mundo. Sus consecuencias implican alta morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades cardiorrespiratorias y cáncer, además de los costos económicos que se derivan de este complejo problema de salud pública. Para comprender mejor esta dependencia, es necesario averiguar si su presencia obedece a un hábito aislado o si forma parte de un comportamiento poco saludable. OBEJTIVO: explorar la relación entre el hábito de fumar y algunos componentes del estilo de vida. Metodología: estudio de corte transversal con 4.000 adultos que busca identificar la relación entre el tabaquismo y aspectos tales como la edad, el género, la educación, el nivel socioeconómico, el sedentarismo, la alimentación, la recreación y el consumo de alcohol. RESULTADOS: la edad y el nivel socioeconómico no se encontraron asociados al tabaquismo; en cambio, el sexo, la educación, el consumo de alcohol, el sedentarismo, los hábitos alimenticios poco saludables y la recreación inadecuada se encontraron estadística y epidemiológicamente asociados con el hábito de fumar. CONCLUSIONES: fumar se asocia a otros componentes desfavorables del estilo de vida. Las acciones de control comunitario y promoción de la salud deberían abordar el problema con estrategias integrales de modificación del comportamiento humano para lograr resultados eventualmente más efectivos.

          Translated abstract

          Smoking is harmful for one’s health and affects many people in the world. Its consequences are high morbidity and mortality from cardio-respiratory diseases and cancer. This complex public health issue also entails high costs. In order to understand this addiction, it is necessary to find out whether its presence is an isolated habit or a part of an unhealthy behavior. OBJECTIVE: to explore the relationship between smoking and some components of a lifestyle. METHODOLOGY: a cross-sectional study with 4,000 adults aiming at identifying the link between smoking and certain aspects of lifestyle such as age, gender, education, socioeconomic level, physical inactivity, eating habits, recreation and alcohol. RESULTS: age and socioeconomic level were not found to be associated with smoking; however, gender, schooling level, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits, and inadequate recreation were found to be statistically and epidemiologically related to smoking. CONCLUSIONS: smoking is associated with other adverse components of an unhealthy lifestyle. Community control and health promotion activities should address this issue through comprehensive strategies aimed at modifying human behavior in order to achieve more effective results.

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          Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries.

          The first and second EUROASPIRE surveys showed high rates of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease. The third EUROASPIRE survey was done in 2006-07 in 22 countries to see whether preventive cardiology had improved and if the Joint European Societies' recommendations on cardiovascular disease prevention are being followed in clinical practice. EUROASPIRE I, II, and III were designed as cross-sectional studies and included the same selected geographical areas and hospitals in the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, and Slovenia. Consecutive patients (men and women /=30 kg/m(2)) increased from 25.0% in EUROASPIRE I, to 32.6% in II, and 38.0% in III (p=0.0006). The proportion of patients with raised blood pressure (>/=140/90 mm Hg in patients without diabetes or >/=130/80 mm Hg in patients with diabetes) was similar (58.1% in EUROASPIRE I, 58.3% in II, and 60.9% in III; p=0.49), whereas the proportion with raised total cholesterol (>/=4.5 mmol/L) decreased, from 94.5% in EUROASPIRE I to 76.7% in II, and 46.2% in III (p<0.0001). The frequency of self-reported diabetes mellitus increased, from 17.4%, to 20.1%, and 28.0% (p=0.004). These time trends show a compelling need for more effective lifestyle management of patients with coronary heart disease. Despite a substantial increase in antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs, blood pressure management remained unchanged, and almost half of all patients remain above the recommended lipid targets. To salvage the acutely ischaemic myocardium without addressing the underlying causes of the disease is futile; we need to invest in prevention.
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            Overweight, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption in a cross-sectional random sample of German adults

            Background There is a current paucity of data on the health behaviour of non-selected populations in Central Europe. Data on health behaviour were collected as part of the EMIL study which investigated the prevalence of infection with Echinococcus multilocularis and other medical conditions in an urban German population. Methods Participating in the present study were 2,187 adults (1,138 females [52.0%]; 1,049 males [48.0%], age: 18–65 years) taken from a sample of 4,000 persons randomly chosen from an urban population. Data on health behaviour like physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption were obtained by means of a questionnaire, documentation of anthropometric data, abdominal ultrasound and blood specimens for assessment of chemical parameters. Results The overall rate of participation was 62.8%. Of these, 50.3% of the adults were overweight or obese. The proportion of active tobacco smokers stood at 30.1%. Of those surveyed 38.9% did not participate in any physical activity. Less than 2 hours of leisure time physical activity per week was associated with female sex, higher BMI (Body Mass Index), smoking and no alcohol consumption. Participants consumed on average 12 grams of alcohol per day. Total cholesterol was in 62.0% (>5.2 mmol/l) and triglycerides were elevated in 20.5% (≥ 2.3 mmol/l) of subjects studied. Hepatic steatosis was identified in 27.4% of subjects and showed an association with male sex, higher BMI, higher age, higher total blood cholesterol, lower HDL, higher triglycerides and higher ALT. Conclusion This random sample of German urban adults was characterised by a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. This and the pattern of alcohol consumption, smoking and physical activity can be considered to put this group at high risk for associated morbidity and underscore the urgent need for preventive measures aimed at reducing the significantly increased health risk.
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              A review of the cost-effectiveness of face-to-face behavioural interventions for smoking, physical activity, diet and alcohol.

              To assess the evidence for the cost-effectiveness of health behaviour interventions that address the major behavioural risk factors for chronic disease, including smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet, and alcohol misuse. Medical and economic databases were searched for relevant economic evaluations. Studies were critically appraised using a published 35-point checklist, and the results are described using a narrative approach, noting methodological limitations. The review included 64 studies from 1995-2005, including 17 reports on multiple behaviour interventions. There was considerable variation among the studies by target populations, intervention components, primary outcomes, and economic methods, but the reported incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were consistently low (e.g. <14,000 Euros per quality-adjusted life-year gained for smoking-cessation programmes in 2006 Euros) as compared to certain preventive pharmaceutical and invasive interventions. Interventions targeting high-risk-population subgroups were relatively better value for money as compared to those targeting general populations. In general, the results of this review demonstrate favourable cost-effectiveness for smoking interventions, physical activity interventions and multiple behaviour interventions in high-risk groups. Although alcohol and dietary interventions appeared to be economically favourable, it is difficult to draw conclusions because of the variety in study outcomes. However, methodological limitations weaken the generalizability of findings, and suggest that the results of any given study should be considered carefully when being used to inform resource allocation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rfnsp
                Revista Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública
                Rev. Fac. Nac. Salud Pública
                Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia )
                0120-386X
                2256-3334
                May 2011
                : 29
                : 2
                : 163-169
                Affiliations
                [02] Medellín orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia orgdiv1Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública Colombia
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Antioquia orgdiv1Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública elkmartz@ 123456guajiros.udea.edu.co
                Article
                S0120-386X2011000200006 S0120-386X(11)02900206
                8beda5b0-2917-4b67-aea7-631959dc4fc4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 January 2011
                : 20 March 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Investigaciones

                alcohol consumption,estilo de vida,recreación,alimentación,consumo de alcohol,actividad física,tabaquismo,lifestyle,recreation,eating,physical activity,smoking

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