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      Survey of pesticide and pesticide metabolite residues in strawberries marketed in Uruguay Translated title: Monitoreo de residuos de pesticidas y sus metabolitos en frutilla comercializada en Uruguay Translated title: Pesquisa de resíduos de pesticidas e metabólitos de pesticidas em morangos comercializados no Uruguai

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          Abstract

          Abstract: Strawberries are consumed worldwide mostly as fresh fruits. During strawberry cultivation, a wide scope of pesticides, primarily fungicides, is used to prevent pest attacks. Aiming to check the safety of strawberries in Uruguay, a first monitoring program (2019-2023) of pesticide and pesticide metabolite residues was conducted. A validated QuEChERS CEN 15662 allowed the LC-MS/MS determination of 41 compounds and the screening of 13 of the most relevant pesticide metabolites. Fifty-eight commercial samples were analyzed; on average four compounds per sample were quantified. The range of concentration was 0.005 to 5 mg kg-1. Seven compounds: carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, cyproconazole, iprodione, prochloraz, pyriproxyfen and propamocarb, consistently exceeded their Maximum Residue Levels according to the European Union. The presence of chlorpyrifos, cyproconazole, prochloraz and pyriproxyfen indicates improper use. Fungicides were the most frequently detected pesticides. The main cyprodinil metabolite, CGA304075, was detected in 61% of cyprodinil-positive samples, without any violation. This study highlights the need for ongoing monitoring and rigorous regulatory controls to ensure the safety of strawberry consumption in Uruguay.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: La frutilla es una fruta fresca que se consume mundialmente. Durante su cultivo, se puede utilizar un amplio espectro de pesticidas para prevenir el ataque de plagas. Con el objetivo de verificar la inocuidad de las frutas cosechadas en Uruguay, se realizó el primer programa de monitoreo (2019-2023) de residuos de pesticidas y sus metabolitos. Se utilizó QuEChERS CEN 15662 y LC-MS/MS como metodología validada para la determinación de 41 pesticidas y 13 de sus metabolitos más relevantes. Se analizaron 58 muestras comerciales; en promedio, cuatro compuestos por muestra fueron cuantificados. El rango de concentración fue 0.005-5 mg kg-1. Siete compuestos, carbendazim, clorpirifos, ciproconazol, iprodiona, procloraz, piriproxifen y propamocarb, excedieron sus límites máximos de residuos según la Unión Europea. La presencia de clorpirifos, ciproconazol, procloraz y piriproxifen denota desvío de uso. Los fungicidas fueron los compuestos positivos mayormente detectados. El principal metabolito del ciprodinil, CGA304075, fue detectado en 61% de las muestras con ciprodinil positivo, sin ninguna violación. Este estudio destaca la necesidad de monitoreos continuos en tiempo y rigurosos controles regulatorios para asegurar la seguridad en el consumo de frutilla en Uruguay.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: Os morangos são consumidos em todo o mundo principalmente como frutas frescas. Durante o cultivo de morangos, uma ampla gama de pesticidas é usada para evitar o ataque de fungos. Com o objetivo de verificar a segurança dos morangos no Uruguai, foi realizado um primeiro programa de monitoramento (2019-2023) de resíduos de pesticidas e metabólitos de pesticidas. Um QuEChERS CEN 15662 validado permitiu a determinação por LC-MS/MS de 41 compostos e a triagem de 13 dos metabólitos mais relevantes. Cinquenta e oito amostras comerciais foram analisadas; em média, quatro compostos por amostra foram quantificados. A faixa de concentração foi de 0,005 a 5 mg kg-1. Sete compostos, carbendazim, clorpirifós, ciproconazol, iprodiona, procloraz, piriproxifeno e propamocarbe, excederam consistentemente seus límites máximos de resíduos de acordo com os limites da União Europeia. A presença de clorpirifós, ciproconazol, procloraz e piriproxifeno denotam desvio de uso. Os positivos mais frequentes detectados foram os fungicidas. O principal metabólito do ciprodinil, CGA304075, foi detectado em 61% das amostras positivas para ciprodinil, sem exceder os limites. Esse estudo destaca a necessidade de monitoramento contínuo e controles regulatórios rigorosos para garantir a segurança do consumo de morango no Uruguai.

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          Effectiveness of fungicide treatments following the Strawberry Advisory System for control of Botrytis fruit rot in Florida

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            Strawberry Breeding in Uruguay

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              Residue Analysis and Risk Exposure Assessment of Multiple Pesticides in Tomato and Strawberry and Their Products from Markets.

              Pesticides are used on fruit and vegetable crops to obtain greater yield and quality. Residues can be detected in these crops or their products if applied pesticides do not degrade naturally. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate pesticide residues in some strawberry and tomato-based products available in the market for human consumption and associated dietary risks. Contamination with 3-15 pesticides in the tested samples was found. The total number of pesticides detected in the tested samples was 20, belonging to the group of insecticides (84%) and fungicides (16%). Pesticides of cypermethrin, thiamethoxam, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin appeared at 100% in a number of samples, where the most detected was cypermethrin followed by thiamethoxam. The average values of pesticide residues detected in the tested samples ranged from 0.006 to 0.568 mg kg-1, where it was found that cypermethrin had the highest residue value and appeared in strawberry jam obtained from the market. The recovery rate of pesticides from fortified samples with pyrethroids ranged from 47.5% (fenvalerate) to 127% (lambda-cyhalothrin). Home processing of fortified tomato and strawberry samples had a significant effect on reducing residues in tomato sauce and strawberry jam, where the reduction reached 100%. The results of acute and chronic risk assessment showed that their values were much lower than 100%, indicating minimal risk of dietary intake.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                agr
                Agrociencia Uruguay
                Agrocienc. Urug.
                Facultad de Agronomía - Instituto de Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (Montevideo, , Uruguay )
                2730-5066
                2025
                : 29
                : e1518
                Affiliations
                [1] Montevideo Montevideo orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Facultad de Química orgdiv2Programa de Posgrado en Química Uruguay
                [2] Paysandú Paysandú orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1CenUR Litoral Norte orgdiv2Departamento de Química del Litoral Uruguay nbesil@ 123456fq.edu.uy
                [3] Montevideo Montevideo orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Facultad de Ingeniería orgdiv2Instituto de Ingeniería Química, Tecnologías Aplicadas a Procesos Alimentarios Uruguay
                [4] Montevideo Montevideo orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Facultad de Química orgdiv2Departamento de Química Orgánica, Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales Uruguay
                [5] Paysandú Paysandú orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1CenUR Litoral Norte orgdiv2PDU: Abordaje Holístico al Estudio del Impacto de Pesticidas en Alimentos y en el Ambiente Uruguay
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6454-6692
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6221-195X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8985-478X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4334-8317
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3687-0449
                Article
                S2730-50662025000101302 S2730-5066(25)02900001302
                10.31285/agro.29.1518
                8b55f409-27d9-45ff-be1c-ac319559a81b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 July 2024
                : 03 December 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Uruguay

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                metabólitos de pesticidas,LC-MS/MS,resíduos de pesticidas,morango,monitoramento,metabolitos de pesticidas,residuos de pesticidas,frutilla,monitoreo,LCMS/MS,pesticide metabolites,pesticide residues,strawberries,monitoring

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