Assistência do enfermeiro(a) a crianças e adolescentes com transtorno do espectro autista  <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Atención del(la) enfermero(a) a infantes y adolescentes con trastorno del espectro autista </span> <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Nurses’ care to children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder </span>

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Abstract

Resumo Objetivo Apreender a representação de Enfermeiros(as) sobre a assistência a crianças/adolescentes com Transtorno de Espectro Autista nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto-Juvenil. Métodos Pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória, descritiva, com entrevista a cinco Enfermeiros(as) de Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infantil. Realizada análise de conteúdo à luz da teoria das representações sociais. Resultados Assistência do(a) Enfermeiro(a) nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto-Juvenil foi representada por duas categorias temáticas, sendo a primeira Assistência do(a) Enfermeiro(a) a criança/adolescente com Transtorno do Espectro Autista com as subcategorias abdordando cuidados com o ambiente terapêutico; orientações a cuidadores/familiares; identificação de casos e planejamento do projeto terapêutico. A segunda categoria foi representada como Dificuldades enfrentadas por Enfermeiros(as) na assistência à criança/adolescente com Transtorno do Espectro Autista, e as subcategorias foram representadas por lentidão com que os resultados da assistência são alcançados; desafios da articulação com familiares e com sistema educacional para continuidade do cuidado, e, finalmente por despreparo profissional para assistência. Conclusão A assistência do(a) Enfermeiro(a) a crianças/adolescentes com transtorno do espectro autista demanda conhecimento para identificação e avaliações, cuidado individual, em grupos, à família/cuidadores e, para tal encontram-se dificuldades que podem ser suplantadas por meio da inclusão da temática em processos de formação e de educação permanente em saúde.

Translated abstract

Resumen Objetivo Comprender la representación de enfermeros(as) sobre la atención a infantes/adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista en los Centros de Atención Psicosocial Infanto-juvenil. Métodos Estudio cualitativo, exploratorio, descriptivo, con encuesta a cinco enfermeros(as) de Centros de Atención Psicosocial Infantil. El análisis de contenido fue realizado de acuerdo con la teoría de las representaciones sociales. Resultados La atención del(la) enfermero(a) en los Centros de Atención Psicosocial Infanto-juvenil fue representada por dos categorías temáticas, de las cuales la primera fue Atención del(la) enfermero(a) a infantes/adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista, con las subcategorías abordar los cuidados del ambiente terapéutico, identificación de casos y planificación del proyecto terapéutico. La segunda categoría fue llamada Dificultades enfrentadas por enfermeros(as) en la atención a infantes/adolescentes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista, y las subcategorías fueron demora para lograr los resultados de la atención, desafíos de la coordinación con familiares y con el sistema educativo para la continuidad del cuidado y, por último, falta de preparación profesional para la atención. Conclusión La atención del(la) enfermero(a) a infantes/adolescentes con trastorno del espectro autista demanda conocimiento para la identificación y evaluación, el cuidado individual, en grupos, a la familia/cuidadores, para lo cual se observan dificultades que pueden ser superadas por medio de la inclusión de esta temática en procesos de formación y de educación permanente en salud.

Translated abstract

Abstract Objective To understand nurses’ representation about the care for children/adolescents with autism spectrum disorder at Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers. Methods This is qualitative, exploratory, descriptive research, with interviews with five nurses from Child Psychosocial Care Centers. Content analysis carried out in the light of the Social Representations Theory. Results Nurses’ care at Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers was represented by two thematic categories, the first being “Nurses’ care for children/adolescents with autism spectrum disorder”, with subcategories addressing: care with the therapeutic environment; guidelines for caregivers/relatives; case identification; and therapeutic project planning. The second category was represented as “Difficulties faced by nurses in caring for children/adolescents with autism spectrum disorder”, and subcategories were represented by: slowness with which care results are achieved; challenges of articulation with family members and the educational system for continuity of care; and professional unpreparedness for care. Conclusion Nurses’ care for children/adolescents with autism spectrum disorder requires knowledge for identification and assessments, individual care, in groups, for family/caregivers, and for this there are difficulties that can be overcome through the inclusion of theme in training and permanent education in health processes.

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Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014

Jon Baio, Lisa Wiggins, Deborah L Christensen … (2018)

Problem/Condition Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Period Covered 2014. Description of System The Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network is an active surveillance system that provides estimates of the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among children aged 8 years whose parents or guardians reside within 11 ADDM sites in the United States (Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Georgia, Maryland, Minnesota, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Wisconsin). ADDM surveillance is conducted in two phases. The first phase involves review and abstraction of comprehensive evaluations that were completed by professional service providers in the community. Staff completing record review and abstraction receive extensive training and supervision and are evaluated according to strict reliability standards to certify effective initial training, identify ongoing training needs, and ensure adherence to the prescribed methodology. Record review and abstraction occurs in a variety of data sources ranging from general pediatric health clinics to specialized programs serving children with developmental disabilities. In addition, most of the ADDM sites also review records for children who have received special education services in public schools. In the second phase of the study, all abstracted information is reviewed systematically by experienced clinicians to determine ASD case status. A child is considered to meet the surveillance case definition for ASD if he or she displays behaviors, as described on one or more comprehensive evaluations completed by community-based professional providers, consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder; pervasive developmental disorder–not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS, including atypical autism); or Asperger disorder. This report provides updated ASD prevalence estimates for children aged 8 years during the 2014 surveillance year, on the basis of DSM-IV-TR criteria, and describes characteristics of the population of children with ASD. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association published the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), which made considerable changes to ASD diagnostic criteria. The change in ASD diagnostic criteria might influence ADDM ASD prevalence estimates; therefore, most (85%) of the records used to determine prevalence estimates based on DSM-IV-TR criteria underwent additional review under a newly operationalized surveillance case definition for ASD consistent with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Children meeting this new surveillance case definition could qualify on the basis of one or both of the following criteria, as documented in abstracted comprehensive evaluations: 1) behaviors consistent with the DSM-5 diagnostic features; and/or 2) an ASD diagnosis, whether based on DSM-IV-TR or DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. Stratified comparisons of the number of children meeting either of these two case definitions also are reported. Results For 2014, the overall prevalence of ASD among the 11 ADDM sites was 16.8 per 1,000 (one in 59) children aged 8 years. Overall ASD prevalence estimates varied among sites, from 13.1–29.3 per 1,000 children aged 8 years. ASD prevalence estimates also varied by sex and race/ethnicity. Males were four times more likely than females to be identified with ASD. Prevalence estimates were higher for non-Hispanic white (henceforth, white) children compared with non-Hispanic black (henceforth, black) children, and both groups were more likely to be identified with ASD compared with Hispanic children. Among the nine sites with sufficient data on intellectual ability, 31% of children with ASD were classified in the range of intellectual disability (intelligence quotient [IQ] 85). The distribution of intellectual ability varied by sex and race/ethnicity. Although mention of developmental concerns by age 36 months was documented for 85% of children with ASD, only 42% had a comprehensive evaluation on record by age 36 months. The median age of earliest known ASD diagnosis was 52 months and did not differ significantly by sex or race/ethnicity. For the targeted comparison of DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 results, the number and characteristics of children meeting the newly operationalized DSM-5 case definition for ASD were similar to those meeting the DSM-IV-TR case definition, with DSM-IV-TR case counts exceeding DSM-5 counts by less than 5% and approximately 86% overlap between the two case definitions (kappa = 0.85). Interpretation Findings from the ADDM Network, on the basis of 2014 data reported from 11 sites, provide updated population-based estimates of the prevalence of ASD among children aged 8 years in multiple communities in the United States. The overall ASD prevalence estimate of 16.8 per 1,000 children aged 8 years in 2014 is higher than previously reported estimates from the ADDM Network. Because the ADDM sites do not provide a representative sample of the entire United States, the combined prevalence estimates presented in this report cannot be generalized to all children aged 8 years in the United States. Consistent with reports from previous ADDM surveillance years, findings from 2014 were marked by variation in ASD prevalence when stratified by geographic area, sex, and level of intellectual ability. Differences in prevalence estimates between black and white children have diminished in most sites, but remained notable for Hispanic children. For 2014, results from application of the DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 case definitions were similar, overall and when stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, DSM-IV-TR diagnostic subtype, or level of intellectual ability. Public Health Action Beginning with surveillance year 2016, the DSM-5 case definition will serve as the basis for ADDM estimates of ASD prevalence in future surveillance reports. Although the DSM-IV-TR case definition will eventually be phased out, it will be applied in a limited geographic area to offer additional data for comparison. Future analyses will examine trends in the continued use of DSM-IV-TR diagnoses, such as autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, and Asperger disorder in health and education records, documentation of symptoms consistent with DSM-5 terminology, and how these trends might influence estimates of ASD prevalence over time. The latest findings from the ADDM Network provide evidence that the prevalence of ASD is higher than previously reported estimates and continues to vary among certain racial/ethnic groups and communities. With prevalence of ASD ranging from 13.1 to 29.3 per 1,000 children aged 8 years in different communities throughout the United States, the need for behavioral, educational, residential, and occupational services remains high, as does the need for increased research on both genetic and nongenetic risk factors for ASD.

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Translation and validation into Brazilian Portuguese and assessment of the COREQ checklist

VR SOUZA, MH Marziale, GT Silva … (2021)

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Clinical impact of early diagnosis of autism on the prognosis and parent–child relationships

Jennifer Elder, Consuelo Kreider, Susan N Brasher … (2017)

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a lifelong condition that usually appears in late infancy or early childhood, and is characterized by social and communication deficits that impede optimal functioning. Despite widespread research and greater public awareness, ASD has an unclear etiology and no known cure, making it difficult to acquire accurate and timely diagnoses. In addition, once an ASD diagnosis is made, parents find it challenging to navigate the healthcare system and determine which interventions are most effective and appropriate for their child. A growing body of evidence supports the value of early diagnosis and treatment with evidence-based interventions, which can significantly improve the quality of life of individuals with ASD as well as of their carers and families. Particularly noteworthy are early interventions that occur in natural surroundings and can be modified to address age-related goals throughout the lifespan. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to: 1) provide readers with a brief background related to ASD; 2) describe commonly used screening instruments and tools for early diagnosis; 3) describe early interventions that have empirical support; and 4) discuss how the parent–child and family relationships can be affected through this process. This information can provide professionals with information they can use to assist families who make critical and potentially life-changing decisions for children with ASD.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): ape

Title: Acta Paulista de Enfermagem

Abbreviated Title: Acta paul. enferm.

Publisher: Escola Paulista de Enfermagem, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )

ISSN (Print): 0103-2100

ISSN (Electronic): 1982-0194

Publication date (Print and electronic): 2023

Volume: 36

Electronic Location Identifier: eAPE030832

Affiliations

[2] São Paulo orgnameUniversidade Federal de São Paulo orgdiv1Escola Paulista de Enfermagem Brazil

[1] Santo André São Paulo orgnameFaculdade de Medicina do ABC Brazil

Article

Publisher ID: S0103-21002023000100392 Publisher ID: S0103-2100(23)03600000392

DOI: 10.37689/acta-ape/2023ao030832

SO-VID: 8b1f2d86-fbef-4e12-9db9-798be6e59b6c

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

History

Date received : 16 October 2021

Date accepted : 14 March 2023

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 0

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SciELO Brazil

Keywords: Integralidade em saúde, Continuidade da assistência ao paciente,Autism Spectrum Disorder,Nursing care,Mental health,Integrality in health,Continuity of patient care,Salud mental,Cuidados de enfermeira,Integralidad en salud,Continuidad de la atención al paciente,Transtorno do espectro autista,Cuidados de enfermagem,Saúde mental,Trastorno del espectro autista

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Keywords: Integralidade em saúde, Continuidade da assistência ao paciente, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Nursing care, Mental health, Integrality in health, Continuity of patient care, Salud mental, Cuidados de enfermeira, Integralidad en salud, Continuidad de la atención al paciente, Transtorno do espectro autista, Cuidados de enfermagem, Saúde mental, Trastorno del espectro autista

Assistência do enfermeiro(a) a crianças e adolescentes com transtorno do espectro autista Translated title: Atención del(la) enfermero(a) a infantes y adolescentes con trastorno del espectro autista Translated title: Nurses’ care to children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

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Most cited references 27

Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014

Translation and validation into Brazilian Portuguese and assessment of the COREQ checklist

Clinical impact of early diagnosis of autism on the prognosis and parent–child relationships

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