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      Situación cognitiva como condicionante de fragilidad en el anciano: Perspectiva desde un centro de salud Translated title: Cognitive state as a conditioner of frailty in the elderly: Perspective from a health centre

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          Abstract

          Objetivo. Conocer la influencia del estado cognitivo en la presencia de diferentes factores de fragilidad en el anciano. Material y Métodos. Estudio en una población anciana ambulatoria con enfermedades crónicas (domiciliarios e institucionalizados), la presencia de diferentes factores de riesgo de fragilidad y su relación con el estado cognitivo (valorado mediante el mini examen cognoscitivo -MEC-). Resultados. Estudio de 147 ancianos con una edad media de 71,4 años y proporción similar de hombres (74; 50,3%) y mujeres (73; 49,7%). Treinta y cuatro sujetos (23,1%) institucionalizados en residencias. El porcentaje de pacientes que presentan un deterioro cognitivo (MEC<24 puntos) es de un 12,9% (19 casos). Presencia de factores de riesgo de fragilidad: soporte social deficitario: 7,5% (11); caídas: 17% (25); incontinencia urinaria: 18,4% (27); depresión: 13,6% (20); ansiedad-insomnio: 29,9% (44); hospitalización-reingresos: 21,8% (32); polimedicación (3 fármacos): 53,7% (79); pluripatología (<3 enfermedades): 36,1% (53). Los factores de fragilidad que tienen una relación significativa en pacientes con deterioro cognitivo (MEC<24) son caídas [OR=59,5 (IC 95%=14,7-240,6)] (p<0,0001), incontinencia urinaria [OR=31,2 (8,9-109,1)] (p<0,0001), hospitalización-reingresos [OR=32,9 (8,6-125,8)] (p<0,0001) y depresión [OR=7,8 (2,5-23,5)] (p<0,0001). Respecto a la puntuación del MEC por percentiles, los factores de riesgo que muestran una tendencia de aparición lineal son las caídas (p<0,0001), incontinencia urinaria (p<0,0001), hospitalización-reingresos (p<0,0001) y pluripatología (p=0,002). Conclusiones. El deterioro cognitivo marca la aparición de forma significativa de factores de fragilidad en el anciano como las caídas, incontinencia urinaria, hospitalización-reingresos hospitalarios y depresión. Esta relación no sólo se aprecia en los pacientes con un deterioro cognitivo establecido (MEC<24 puntos), sino que además hay una tendencia de aparición según progresa dicho deterioro, con una relación estadística para las caídas, incontinencia urinaria, hospitalización-reingresos y pluripatología.

          Translated abstract

          Aim. To determine the influence of the cognitive state on the presence of different frailty factors in the elderly. Methods. Study of an outpatient elderly population with chronic diseases (resident at home or institutionalised), the presence of different frailty risk factors and their relation to cognitive state (measured using the mini-mental state examination - MEC). Results. Study of 147 elderly people with an average age of 71.4 years and a similar proportion of men (74; 50.3%) and women (73; 49.7%). Thirty-four subjects (23.1%) institutionalised in residences. The percentage of patients showing cognitive impairment (MEC<24 points) is 12.9% (19 cases). Presence of frailty risk factors: low social support: 7.5% (11); falls: 17% (25); urinary incontinence: 18.4% (27); depression: 13.6% (20); anxiety-insomnia: 29.9% (44); hospitalisation-readmissions: 21.8% (32); multiple medications (3 medicines): 53.7% (79); pluripathology (3 diseases): 36.1% (53). The frailty factors that have a significant relation in patients with cognitive impairment (MEC<24) are falls [OR=59.5 (CI 95%=14.7-240.6)] (p<0.0001), urinary incontinence [OR=31.2 (8.9-109.1)] (p<0.0001), hospitalisation-readmissions [OR=32.9 (8.6-125.8)] (p<0.0001) and depression [OR=7.8 (2.5-23.5)] (p<0.0001). With respect to scoring on the MEC by percentiles, the risk factors that showed a tendency of lineal appearance are falls (p<0.0001), urinary incontinence (p<0.0001), hospitalisation-readmissions (p<0.0001) and pluripathology (p=0.002). Conclusions. Cognitive impairment marks the appearance in a significant form of frailty factors in the elderly, such as falls, urinary incontinence, hospitalisation-readmissions and depression. This relation is not only appreciable in patients with an established cognitive impairment (MEC<24 points), but there is also a trend to appear as this impairment progresses, with a statistical relation for falls, urinary incontinence, hospitalisation-readmissions and pluripathology.

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          Most cited references96

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          Unstable disability and the fluctuations of frailty.

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            The prevalence and correlates of fear of falling in elderly persons living in the community.

            Fear of falling has been recognized as a potentially debilitating consequence of falling in elderly persons. However, the prevalence and the correlates of this fear are unknown. Prevalence of fear of falling was calculated from the 1-year follow-up of an age- and gender-stratified random sample of community-dwelling elderly persons. Cross-sectional associations of fear of falling with quality of life, frailty, and falling were assessed. The prevalence of fear increased with age and was greater in women. After adjustment for age and gender, being moderately fearful of falling was associated with decreased satisfaction with life, increased frailty and depressed mood, and recent experience with falls. Being very fearful of falling was associated with all of the above plus decreased mobility and social activities. Fear of falling is common in elderly persons and is associated with decreased quality of life, increased frailty, and recent experience with falls.
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              A conceptual framework of frailty: a review.

              W Bortz (2002)
              This article presents an overview of the increasingly common condition of frailty, which by and large lacks clarity of definition. A variety of sources provide this statement regarding definition, incidence, causation, rate, and time of appearance. Utilizing the newly elaborated process of symmorphosis, which explains the coadaptation of structure and function secondary to altered energy loads, I propose that frailty is a body-wide set of linked deteriorations including, but not confined to, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, metabolic, and immunologic systems. The common final pathway that leads to this constellation of findings is usually keyed to a decline in physical activity either as a result of habit or disease inputs. As such, the state of frailty is largely separable from the process of aging and should thereby be susceptible to active intervention and reversal.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                asisna
                Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra
                Anales Sis San Navarra
                Gobierno de Navarra. Departamento de Salud (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                1137-6627
                April 2005
                : 28
                : 1
                : 35-47
                Affiliations
                [01] Navarra orgnameCentro de Salud de Tafalla
                [02] Pamplona Navarra orgnameHospital Virgen del Camino orgdiv1Servicio de Psiquiatría
                Article
                S1137-66272005000100004
                10.4321/s1137-66272005000100004
                8aa9d016-a0fb-4ec4-87b3-fe303ca22119

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 62, Pages: 13
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                SciELO Spain


                Anciano,Anciano frágil,Atención Primaria,Deterioro cognitivo,Mini examen cognoscitivo,Elderly people,Frail elderly,Primary care,Cognitive impairment,Mini-mental state examination

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