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      Schizophrenia—An Overview

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Schizophrenia is a common, severe mental illness that most clinicians will encounter regularly during their practice. This report provides an overview of the clinical characteristics, epidemiology, genetics, neuroscience, and psychopharmacology of schizophrenia to provide a basis to understand the disorder and its treatment. This educational review is integrated with a clinical case to highlight how recent research findings can inform clinical understanding.

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          Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia.

          Peter Uhlhaas, Wolf Singer (2010)
          Converging evidence from electrophysiological, physiological and anatomical studies suggests that abnormalities in the synchronized oscillatory activity of neurons may have a central role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Neural oscillations are a fundamental mechanism for the establishment of precise temporal relationships between neuronal responses that are in turn relevant for memory, perception and consciousness. In patients with schizophrenia, the synchronization of beta- and gamma-band activity is abnormal, suggesting a crucial role for dysfunctional oscillations in the generation of the cognitive deficits and other symptoms of the disorder. Dysfunctional oscillations may arise owing to anomalies in the brain's rhythm-generating networks of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) interneurons and in cortico-cortical connections.
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            Cortical inhibitory neurons and schizophrenia.

            David A. Lewis, Takanori Hashimoto, David W Volk (2005)
            Impairments in certain cognitive functions, such as working memory, are core features of schizophrenia. Convergent findings indicate that a deficiency in signalling through the TrkB neurotrophin receptor leads to reduced GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) synthesis in the parvalbumin-containing subpopulation of inhibitory GABA neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of individuals with schizophrenia. Despite both pre- and postsynaptic compensatory responses, the resulting alteration in perisomatic inhibition of pyramidal neurons contributes to a diminished capacity for the gamma-frequency synchronized neuronal activity that is required for working memory function. These findings reveal specific targets for therapeutic interventions to improve cognitive function in individuals with schizophrenia.
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              Interneuron dysfunction in psychiatric disorders.

              Oscar Marin (2012)
              Schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disabilities are best understood as spectrums of diseases that have broad sets of causes. However, it is becoming evident that these conditions also have overlapping phenotypes and genetics, which is suggestive of common deficits. In this context, the idea that the disruption of inhibitory circuits might be responsible for some of the clinical features of these disorders is gaining support. Recent studies in animal models demonstrate that the molecular basis of such disruption is linked to specific defects in the development and function of interneurons - the cells that are responsible for establishing inhibitory circuits in the brain. These insights are leading to a better understanding of the causes of schizophrenia, autism and intellectual disabilities, and may contribute to the development of more-effective therapeutic interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: JAMA Psychiatry
                Abbreviated Title: JAMA Psychiatry
                Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
                ISSN (Print): 2168-622X
                Publication date (Electronic): October 30 2019
                Page: 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
                [2 ]Psychiatric Imaging Group, Medical Research Council, London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
                [3 ]Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
                Article
                DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360
                PubMed ID: 31664453
                SO-VID: 8a14ed13-f892-4e76-8504-64990fa7fc5d
                Copyright © © 2019
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