Assessment of water, hygiene, and sanitation practice and associated factors among Bihari refugee camp in Bangladesh: A cross‐sectional study

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Abstract

Background and Aims

The global significance of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) cannot be overstated, extending far beyond the confines of developing nations and encompassing even the most developed ones. This study, rooted in the Bihari refugee camp in Bangladesh, seeks to underscore the universality of WASH concerns.

Methods

Using a cross‐sectional design and a structured questionnaire, we conducted a meticulous evaluation of WASH practices with 313 participants selected through random sampling.

Results

Findings shows the water practice, among all of them, only 4.8% of the respondents were very happy with the water supply system and 16.0% of the respondents were happy with this. A total of 29.7% of the respondents were satisfied with safe drinking water and only 4.8% of the respondents were very satisfied with safe drinking water. Regarding the hygiene practice, among all respondents, 10.2% of them were satisfied with using the same bathroom by multiple people. Only 5.4% respondents were happy in their living environment. Regarding sanitation practice, only 31.3% had private toilet facilities. Among all of the respondents, 13.7% of the respondents were satisfied with using the same toilet by multiple people. Respondents who were illiterate ( p < 0.01) and self‐employed ( p < 0.04) were satisfied with the water supply. Similarly, respondents who were illiterate ( p < 0.03) and self‐employed ( p < 0.00) were satisfied with safe drinking water. Respondents who were illiterate ( p < 0.02) and whose monthly income was below 8000 BDT ( p < 0.00) were satisfied using same bathroom by multiple people. Respondents who were self‐employed ( p < 0.01), whose monthly income 8000–12,000 BDT ( p < 0.01) and having single room ( p < 0.00) were satisfied using the same toilet by multiple people.

Conclusion

Enhanced access to safe WASH facilities, coupled with a comprehensive understanding of the study's findings, have the potential to serve as vital signposts for the development and implementation of policies and interventions.

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Most cited references 35

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Interim evaluation of a large scale sanitation, hygiene and water improvement programme on childhood diarrhea and respiratory disease in rural Bangladesh.

Tarique Md. Nurul Huda, Leanne Unicomb, Richard B Johnston … (2012)

Started in 2007, the Sanitation Hygiene Education and Water Supply in Bangladesh (SHEWA-B) project aims to improve the hygiene, sanitation and water supply for 20 million people in Bangladesh, and thus reduce disease among this population. This paper assesses the effectiveness of SHEWA-B on changing behaviors and reducing diarrhea and respiratory illness among children < 5 years of age. We assessed behaviors at baseline in 2007 and after 6 months and 18 months by conducting structured observation of handwashing behavior in 500 intervention and 500 control households. In addition we conducted spot checks of water and sanitation facilities in 850 intervention and 850 control households. We also collected monthly data on diarrhea and respiratory illness from 500 intervention and 500 control households from October 2007 to September 2009. Participants washed their hands with soap < 3% of the time around food related events in both intervention and control households at baseline and after 18 months. Washing both hands with soap or ash after cleaning a child's anus increased from 22% to 36%, and no access to a latrine decreased from 10% to 6.8% from baseline to 18 months. The prevalence of diarrhea and respiratory illness, among children <5 years of age were similar in intervention and control communities throughout the study. This large scale sanitation, hygiene and water improvement programme resulted in improvements in a few of its targeted behaviors, but these modest behavior changes have not yet resulted in a measurable reduction in childhood diarrhea and respiratory illness. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in relation to autism and developmental delay: a case-control study

Irva Hertz-Picciotto, Åke Bergman, Britta Fängström … (2011)

Background Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are flame retardants used widely and in increasing amounts in the U.S. over the last few decades. PBDEs and their metabolites cross the placenta and studies in rodents demonstrate neurodevelopmental toxicity from prenatal exposures. PBDE exposures occur both via breastfeeding and hand-to-mouth activities in small children. Methods Participants were 100 children from the CHARGE ( CH ildhood A utism R isk from G enetics and the E nvironment) Study, a case-control epidemiologic investigation of children with autism/autism spectrum disorder, with developmental delay and from the general population. Diagnoses of autism were confirmed by the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and Autism Diagnostic Inventory-Revised, and of developmental delay using the Mullen's Scales of Early Learning and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Typically developing controls were those with no evidence of delay, autism, or autism spectrum disorder. Eleven PBDE congeners were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry from serum specimens collected after children were assessed. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between plasma PBDEs and autism. Results Children with autism/autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay were similar to typically developing controls for all PBDE congeners, but levels were high for all three groups. Conclusions Plasma samples collected post-diagnosis in this study may not represent early life exposures due to changes in diet and introduction of new household products containing PBDEs. Studies with direct measurements of prenatal or infant exposures are needed to assess the possible causal role for these compounds in autism spectrum disorders.

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Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Linkages with Stunting in Rural Ethiopia

Corina Shika Kwami, Samuel Godfrey, Hippolyte Gavilan … (2019)

Stunting is a global burden affecting nearly 160 million children younger than five years of age. Whilst the linkages between nutrition and stunting are well recognized, there is a need to explore environmental factors such as water and sanitation, which may influence feeding practices and result in potential infection pathways. This paper explores the linkages between stunting and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) factors in Ethiopia, which is a relatively understudied context. The research draws upon baseline data for children under the age of five from 3200 households across four regions in Ethiopia as part of a wider study and integrated program led by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). Using World Health Organization (WHO) z-scoring, the average stunting rate in the sample is 47.5%. This paper also takes into account demographic and social behavioural factors such as the age, gender of children, and gender of the primary caregiver, in addition to handwashing behaviour and drinking water facilities. The evidence recommends efforts to improve handwashing behaviour for mothers and children with a focus on access to clean water. Higher stunting rates with an increase in the age of children highlight the need for continued interventions, as efforts to improve nutrition and WASH behaviours are most effective early on in promoting long-term health outcomes for children.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Md. Naimur Rahman:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5236-3784

naimurbrur@gmail.com

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Health Sci Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Health Sci Rep

Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)2398-8835

Journal ID (publisher-id): HSR2

Title: Health Science Reports

Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )

ISSN (Electronic): 2398-8835

Publication date (Electronic): 27 February 2024

Publication date Collection: February 2024

Volume: 7

Issue: 2 ( doiID: 10.1002/hsr2.v7.2 )

Electronic Location Identifier: e1910

Affiliations

[ ¹ ] Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering Daffodil International University Dhaka Bangladesh

[ ² ] Department of Development Studies Daffodil International University Dhaka Bangladesh

[ ³ ] Department of Public Health Daffodil International University Dhaka Bangladesh

[ ⁴ ] Department of Statistics Dhaka College Dhaka Bangladesh

[ ⁵ ] Department of Sociology University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh

[ ⁶ ] Department of Sociology Bangladesh University Dhaka Bangladesh

[ ⁷ ] Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University New Delhi India

[ ⁸ ] Department of Geography Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong

[ ⁹ ] David C Lam Institute for East‐West Studies Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong

[ ¹⁰ ] Department of Public Administration Jagannath University Dhaka Bangladesh

[ ¹¹ ] Department of Development Studies Bangladesh University of Professionals (BUP) Dhaka Bangladesh

[ ¹² ] Department of Economics Dhaka International University Dhaka Bangladesh

[ ¹³ ] Department of Persian Language and Literature University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh

[ ¹⁴ ] Department of Pharmacy University of Development Alternative Dhaka Bangladesh

Author notes

[*] [* ] Correspondence Md. Naimur Rahman, Center for Archaeological Studies, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Email: naimurbrur@ 123456gmail.com

Author information

Safayet Jamil http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2313-4920

Neeru Chaudhary http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4795-4018

Md. Naimur Rahman http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5236-3784

Article

Publisher ID: HSR21910

DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1910

PMC ID: 10899195

PubMed ID: 38420203

SO-VID: 8a026dbb-1da3-4897-9dec-8fb6b08fe5b6

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

History

Date revision received : 27 December 2023

Date received : 11 July 2023

Date accepted : 29 January 2024

Page count

Figures: 0, Tables: 7, Pages: 15, Words: 9360

Custom metadata

source-schema-version-number 2.0

cover-date February 2024

details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.3.8 mode:remove_FC converted:27.02.2024

Keywords: bangladesh,bihari refugee camp,hygiene,sanitation,water

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Keywords: bangladesh, bihari refugee camp, hygiene, sanitation, water

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Assessment of water, hygiene, and sanitation practice and associated factors among Bihari refugee camp in Bangladesh: A cross‐sectional study

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Abstract

Background and Aims

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Related collections

UCL: UN SDG 06 Clean Water and Sanitation

Most cited references 35

Interim evaluation of a large scale sanitation, hygiene and water improvement programme on childhood diarrhea and respiratory disease in rural Bangladesh.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in relation to autism and developmental delay: a case-control study

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Linkages with Stunting in Rural Ethiopia

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