Oceans in the icy Galilean satellites of Jupiter?

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Scaling of temperature‐ and stress‐dependent viscosity convection

V. Solomatov (1995)

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Galileo magnetometer measurements: a stronger case for a subsurface ocean at Europa.

Anthony Russell, Valerie Zimmer, M G Kivelson … (2000)

On 3 January 2000, the Galileo spacecraft passed close to Europa when it was located far south of Jupiter's magnetic equator in a region where the radial component of the magnetospheric magnetic field points inward toward Jupiter. This pass with a previously unexamined orientation of the external forcing field distinguished between an induced and a permanent magnetic dipole moment model of Europa's internal field. The Galileo magnetometer measured changes in the magnetic field predicted if a current-carrying outer shell, such as a planet-scale liquid ocean, is present beneath the icy surface. The evidence that Europa's field varies temporally strengthens the argument that a liquid ocean exists beneath the present-day surface.