A Comprehensive Review of the Potential Use of Green Tea Polyphenols in the Management of COVID-19

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Abstract

Green tea is produced from Camellia sinensis (L.) buds and leaves that have not gone through the oxidation and withering processes used to produce black and oolong teas. It was originated in China, but its cultivation and production have expanded to other Eastern Asian countries. Several polyphenolic compounds, including flavandiols, flavonols, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, are found in green tea and may constitute greater than 30% of the dry weight. Flavonols, especially catechins, represent the majority of green tea polyphenols. Green tea polyphenolic compounds have been reported to confer several health benefits. This review describes the potential use of green tea polyphenols in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The immunomodulatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of green tea polyphenols have also been considered in this review. In addition to describing the bioactivities associated with green tea polyphenols, this review discusses the potential delivery of these biomolecules using a nanoparticle drug delivery system. Moreover, the bioavailability and toxicity of green tea polyphenols are also evaluated.

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First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States

Michelle Holshue, Chas DeBolt, Scott Lindquist … (2020)

Summary An outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that began in Wuhan, China, has spread rapidly, with cases now confirmed in multiple countries. We report the first case of 2019-nCoV infection confirmed in the United States and describe the identification, diagnosis, clinical course, and management of the case, including the patient’s initial mild symptoms at presentation with progression to pneumonia on day 9 of illness. This case highlights the importance of close coordination between clinicians and public health authorities at the local, state, and federal levels, as well as the need for rapid dissemination of clinical information related to the care of patients with this emerging infection.

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Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections

Quan-Xin Long, Xiao-Jun Tang, Qiu-Lin Shi … (2020)

The clinical features and immune responses of asymptomatic individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have not been well described. We studied 37 asymptomatic individuals in the Wanzhou District who were diagnosed with RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections but without any relevant clinical symptoms in the preceding 14 d and during hospitalization. Asymptomatic individuals were admitted to the government-designated Wanzhou People's Hospital for centralized isolation in accordance with policy1. The median duration of viral shedding in the asymptomatic group was 19 d (interquartile range (IQR), 15-26 d). The asymptomatic group had a significantly longer duration of viral shedding than the symptomatic group (log-rank P = 0.028). The virus-specific IgG levels in the asymptomatic group (median S/CO, 3.4; IQR, 1.6-10.7) were significantly lower (P = 0.005) relative to the symptomatic group (median S/CO, 20.5; IQR, 5.8-38.2) in the acute phase. Of asymptomatic individuals, 93.3% (28/30) and 81.1% (30/37) had reduction in IgG and neutralizing antibody levels, respectively, during the early convalescent phase, as compared to 96.8% (30/31) and 62.2% (23/37) of symptomatic patients. Forty percent of asymptomatic individuals became seronegative and 12.9% of the symptomatic group became negative for IgG in the early convalescent phase. In addition, asymptomatic individuals exhibited lower levels of 18 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These data suggest that asymptomatic individuals had a weaker immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. The reduction in IgG and neutralizing antibody levels in the early convalescent phase might have implications for immunity strategy and serological surveys.

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Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis

Bradley Langford, Miranda So, Sumit Raybardhan … (2020)

Background Bacterial co-pathogens are commonly identified in viral respiratory infections and are important causes of morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of bacterial infection in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is not well understood. Aims To determine the prevalence of bacterial co-infection (at presentation) and secondary infection (after presentation) in patients with COVID-19. Sources We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, OVID Epub and EMBASE databases for English language literature from 2019 to April 16, 2020. Studies were included if they (a) evaluated patients with confirmed COVID-19 and (b) reported the prevalence of acute bacterial infection. Content Data were extracted by a single reviewer and cross-checked by a second reviewer. The main outcome was the proportion of COVID-19 patients with an acute bacterial infection. Any bacteria detected from non-respiratory-tract or non-bloodstream sources were excluded. Of 1308 studies screened, 24 were eligible and included in the rapid review representing 3338 patients with COVID-19 evaluated for acute bacterial infection. In the meta-analysis, bacterial co-infection (estimated on presentation) was identified in 3.5% of patients (95%CI 0.4–6.7%) and secondary bacterial infection in 14.3% of patients (95%CI 9.6–18.9%). The overall proportion of COVID-19 patients with bacterial infection was 6.9% (95%CI 4.3–9.5%). Bacterial infection was more common in critically ill patients (8.1%, 95%CI 2.3–13.8%). The majority of patients with COVID-19 received antibiotics (71.9%, 95%CI 56.1 to 87.7%). Implications Bacterial co-infection is relatively infrequent in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. The majority of these patients may not require empirical antibacterial treatment.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Talha Bin Emran:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3188-2272

Raffaele Capasso:

ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3335-1822

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Evid Based Complement Alternat Med

Journal ID (publisher-id): ECAM

Title: Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM

Publisher: Hindawi

ISSN (Print): 1741-427X

ISSN (Electronic): 1741-4288

Publication date Collection: 2021

Publication date (Electronic): 3 December 2021

Publication date PMC-release: 3 December 2021

Volume: 2021

Electronic Location Identifier: 7170736

Affiliations

¹Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi 95115, Indonesia

²Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi 95115, Indonesia

³Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, North Sulawesi 95115, Indonesia

⁴Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

⁵Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh

⁶Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey

⁷Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi 90245, Indonesia

⁸Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara 06490, Turkey

⁹Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh

¹⁰Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Naples, Italy

Author notes

Academic Editor: Roco De la Puerta

Author information

Trina Ekawati Tallei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7963-7527

Fatimawali https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2480-5420

Nurdjannah Jane Niode https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6475-5918

Rinaldi Idroes https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2264-6358

Ismail Celik https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8146-1663

Firzan Nainu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0989-4023

Duygu Ağagündüz https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0010-0012

Talha Bin Emran https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3188-2272

Raffaele Capasso https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3335-1822

Article

DOI: 10.1155/2021/7170736

PMC ID: 8664505

PubMed ID: 34899956

SO-VID: 89611472-a83e-410b-94c0-0d040210fa41

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 9 August 2021

Date accepted : 17 November 2021

Funding

Funded by: Ministry of Research and Technology/National Research and Innovation Agency

A Comprehensive Review of the Potential Use of Green Tea Polyphenols in the Management of COVID-19

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 147

First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States

Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections

Bacterial co-infection and secondary infection in patients with COVID-19: a living rapid review and meta-analysis

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