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      Artificial Compound Eye Systems and Their Application: A Review

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          Abstract

          The natural compound eye system has many outstanding properties, such as a more compact size, wider-angle view, better capacity to detect moving objects, and higher sensitivity to light intensity, compared to that of a single-aperture vision system. Thanks to the development of micro- and nano-fabrication techniques, many artificial compound eye imaging systems have been studied and fabricated to inherit fascinating optical features of the natural compound eye. This paper provides a review of artificial compound eye imaging systems. This review begins by introducing the principle of the natural compound eye, and then, the analysis of two types of artificial compound eye systems. We equally present the applications of the artificial compound eye imaging systems. Finally, we suggest our outlooks about the artificial compound eye imaging system.

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          Most cited references82

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          Antennas for light

          Lukas Novotny, Niek van Hulst (2011)
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            Digital cameras with designs inspired by the arthropod eye.

            Young Song, Yizhu Xie, Viktor Malyarchuk … (2013)
            In arthropods, evolution has created a remarkably sophisticated class of imaging systems, with a wide-angle field of view, low aberrations, high acuity to motion and an infinite depth of field. A challenge in building digital cameras with the hemispherical, compound apposition layouts of arthropod eyes is that essential design requirements cannot be met with existing planar sensor technologies or conventional optics. Here we present materials, mechanics and integration schemes that afford scalable pathways to working, arthropod-inspired cameras with nearly full hemispherical shapes (about 160 degrees). Their surfaces are densely populated by imaging elements (artificial ommatidia), which are comparable in number (180) to those of the eyes of fire ants (Solenopsis fugax) and bark beetles (Hylastes nigrinus). The devices combine elastomeric compound optical elements with deformable arrays of thin silicon photodetectors into integrated sheets that can be elastically transformed from the planar geometries in which they are fabricated to hemispherical shapes for integration into apposition cameras. Our imaging results and quantitative ray-tracing-based simulations illustrate key features of operation. These general strategies seem to be applicable to other compound eye devices, such as those inspired by moths and lacewings (refracting superposition eyes), lobster and shrimp (reflecting superposition eyes), and houseflies (neural superposition eyes).
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              Biologically inspired artificial compound eyes.

              Seung Jeong, Jaeyoun Kim, Yuan-Chii Lee (2006)
              This work presents the fabrication of biologically inspired artificial compound eyes. The artificial ommatidium, like that of an insect's compound eyes, consists of a refractive polymer microlens, a light-guiding polymer cone, and a self-aligned waveguide to collect light with a small angular acceptance. The ommatidia are omnidirectionally arranged along a hemispherical polymer dome such that they provide a wide field of view similar to that of a natural compound eye. The spherical configuration of the microlenses is accomplished by reconfigurable microtemplating, that is, polymer replication using the deformed elastomer membrane with microlens patterns. The formation of polymer waveguides self-aligned with microlenses is also realized by a self-writing process in a photosensitive polymer resin. The angular acceptance is directly measured by three-dimensional optical sectioning with a confocal microscope, and the detailed optical characteristics are studied in comparison with a natural compound eye.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Seong-O Choi: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Micromachines (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Micromachines (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): micromachines
                Title: Micromachines
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-666X
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 July 2021
                Publication date Collection: July 2021
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 847
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Computer Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea; phlam.ulsan@ 123456gmail.com
                [2 ]Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; myrmidon91@ 123456snu.ac.kr (J.Y.); dicho@ 123456snu.ac.kr (D.C.); callme@ 123456snu.ac.kr (J.-M.S.)
                [3 ]Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; baej@ 123456kangwon.ac.kr
                [4 ]Department of Electronics Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; hhko@ 123456cnu.ac.kr
                [5 ]Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; sangmlee@ 123456khu.ac.kr
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: kikoo@ 123456ulsan.ac.kr
                [†]

                Huu Lam Phan and Jungho Yi contributed equally.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2025-5946
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8057-6285
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6375-2248
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5348-3585
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4396-6118
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8040-5803
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-7405
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4173-9218
                Article
                Publisher ID: micromachines-12-00847
                DOI: 10.3390/mi12070847
                PMC ID: 8307767
                PubMed ID: 34357257
                SO-VID: 895524ee-ffb9-4050-a3d9-6490a76ef114
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 27 May 2021
                Date accepted : 15 July 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: artificial compound eye,microlens array,metalens,high resolution imaging,large field of view imaging,curved image sensor,biomimetic system
                Data availability:
                Keywords: artificial compound eye, microlens array, metalens, high resolution imaging, large field of view imaging, curved image sensor, biomimetic system

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