Characterizing the modern light environment and its influence on circadian rhythms – ScienceOpen
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      Characterizing the modern light environment and its influence on circadian rhythms

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          Abstract

          Humans have largely supplanted natural light cycles with a variety of electric light sources and schedules misaligned with day-night cycles. Circadian disruption has been linked to a number of disease processes, but the extent of circadian disruption among the population is unknown. In this study, we measured light exposure and wrist temperature among residents of an urban area during each of the four seasons, as well as light illuminance in nearby outdoor locations. Daily light exposure was significantly lower for individuals, compared to outdoor light sensors, across all four seasons. There was also little seasonal variation in the realized photoperiod experienced by individuals, with the only significant difference occurring between winter and summer. We tested the hypothesis that differential light exposure impacts circadian phase timing, detected via the wrist temperature rhythm. To determine the influence of light exposure on circadian rhythms, we modelled the impact of morning and night-time light exposure on the timing of the maximum wrist temperature. We found that morning and night-time light exposure had significant but opposing impacts on maximum wrist temperature timing. Our results demonstrate that, within the range of exposure seen in everyday life, night-time light can delay the onset of the maximum wrist temperature, while morning light can lead to earlier onset. Our results demonstrate that humans are minimizing natural seasonal differences in light exposure, and that circadian shifts and disruptions may be a more regular occurrence in the general population than is currently recognized.

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            Transcriptional architecture of the mammalian circadian clock

            Next-generation sequencing approaches have yielded new insights into circadian function. Here, Takahashi reviews genome-wide analyses of the clock transcriptional feedback loop in mammals, which reveal a global circadian regulation of transcription factor occupancy, RNA polymerase II recruitment and initiation, nascent transcription and chromatin remodelling.
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              Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing-original draftRole: Writing-review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: SoftwareRole: Writing-original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: SoftwareRole: Writing-original draft
                Role: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing-review & editing
                Role: MethodologyRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing-review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: Writing-original draftRole: Writing-review & editing
                Journal
                Proc Biol Sci
                Proc Biol Sci
                RSPB
                royprsb
                Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
                The Royal Society
                0962-8452
                1471-2954
                July 28, 2021
                July 21, 2021
                July 21, 2021
                : 288
                : 1955
                : 20210721
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, , New York, NY, USA
                [ 2 ]Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, , New York, NY, USA
                [ 3 ]Chronobiology, University of Surrey, , Guildford, Surrey, UK
                [ 4 ]Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, , Guildford, Surrey, UK
                [ 5 ]Department of Biology, Emory University, , Atlanta, GA, USA
                Author notes

                Electronic supplementary material is available online at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5494709.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1412-8251
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7595-2618
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1477-8967
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8202-6180
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8809-4587
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9248-9450
                Article
                rspb20210721
                10.1098/rspb.2021.0721
                8292753
                34284625
                890d0d90-d541-4dbb-b425-b45b4ca26f06
                © 2021 The Authors.

                Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : March 26, 2021
                : June 23, 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: NIEHS;
                Award ID: ES009089
                Categories
                1001
                69
                60
                Ecology
                Research Articles
                Custom metadata
                July 28, 2021

                Life sciences
                light at night,circadian rhythms,seasonal rhythms,built environment
                Life sciences
                light at night, circadian rhythms, seasonal rhythms, built environment

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