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      International Journal of Nanomedicine (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the application of nanotechnology in diagnostics, therapeutics, and drug delivery systems throughout the biomedical field. Sign up for email alerts here.

      105,621 Monthly downloads/views I 7.033 Impact Factor I 10.9 CiteScore I 1.22 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) I 1.032 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Emodin-Conjugated PEGylation of Fe 3O 4 Nanoparticles for FI/MRI Dual-Modal Imaging and Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer

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          Abstract

          Background

          Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains a difficult tumor to diagnose and treat. It is often diagnosed as advanced by reason of the anatomical structure of the deep retroperitoneal layer of the pancreas, lack of typical symptoms and effective screening methods to detect this malignancy, resulting in a low survival rate. Emodin (EMO) is an economical natural product with effective treatment and few side effects of cancer treatment. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can achieve multiplexed imaging and targeted therapy by loading a wide range of functional materials such as fluorescent dyes and therapeutic agents.

          Purpose

          The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate a multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform for PC diagnosis and treatment.

          Methods

          In this study, we successfully developed EMO-loaded, Cy7-functionalized, PEG-coated Fe 3O 4 (Fe 3O 4-PEG-Cy7-EMO). Characteristics including morphology, hydrodynamic size, zeta potentials, stability, and magnetic properties of Fe 3O 4-PEG-Cy7-EMO were evaluated. Fluorescence imaging (FI)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and therapeutic treatment were examined in vitro and in vivo.

          Results

          Fe 3O 4-PEG-Cy7-EMO nanoparticles had a core size of 9.9 ± 1.2 nm, which showed long-time stability and FI/MRI properties. Bio-transmission electron microscopy (bio-TEM) results showed that Fe 3O 4-PEG-Cy7-EMO nanoparticles were endocytosed into BxPC-3 cells, while few were observed in hTERT-HPNE cells. Prussian blue staining also confirmed that BxPC-3 cells have a stronger phagocytic ability as compared to hTERT-HPNE cells. Additionally, Fe 3O 4-PEG-Cy7-EMO had a stronger inhibition effect on BxPC-3 cells than Fe 3O 4-PEG and EMO. The hemolysis experiment proved that Fe 3O 4-PEG-Cy7-EMO can be used in vivo experiments. In vivo analysis demonstrated that Fe 3O 4-PEG-Cy7-EMO enabled FI/MRI dual-modal imaging and targeted therapy in pancreatic tumor xenografted mice.

          Conclusion

          Fe 3O 4-PEG-Cy7-EMO may serve as a potential theranostic nanoplatform for PC.

          Most cited references53

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          Cancer Statistics, 2021

          Rebecca Siegel, Kimberly D Miller, Hannah Fuchs … (2021)
          Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence. Incidence data (through 2017) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2018) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2021, 1,898,160 new cancer cases and 608,570 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. After increasing for most of the 20th century, the cancer death rate has fallen continuously from its peak in 1991 through 2018, for a total decline of 31%, because of reductions in smoking and improvements in early detection and treatment. This translates to 3.2 million fewer cancer deaths than would have occurred if peak rates had persisted. Long-term declines in mortality for the 4 leading cancers have halted for prostate cancer and slowed for breast and colorectal cancers, but accelerated for lung cancer, which accounted for almost one-half of the total mortality decline from 2014 to 2018. The pace of the annual decline in lung cancer mortality doubled from 3.1% during 2009 through 2013 to 5.5% during 2014 through 2018 in men, from 1.8% to 4.4% in women, and from 2.4% to 5% overall. This trend coincides with steady declines in incidence (2.2%-2.3%) but rapid gains in survival specifically for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For example, NSCLC 2-year relative survival increased from 34% for persons diagnosed during 2009 through 2010 to 42% during 2015 through 2016, including absolute increases of 5% to 6% for every stage of diagnosis; survival for small cell lung cancer remained at 14% to 15%. Improved treatment accelerated progress against lung cancer and drove a record drop in overall cancer mortality, despite slowing momentum for other common cancers.
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            Projecting cancer incidence and deaths to 2030: the unexpected burden of thyroid, liver, and pancreas cancers in the United States.

            Lola Rahib, Benjamin D Smith, Rhonda Aizenberg … (2014)
            Cancer incidence and deaths in the United States were projected for the most common cancer types for the years 2020 and 2030 based on changing demographics and the average annual percentage changes in incidence and death rates. Breast, prostate, and lung cancers will remain the top cancer diagnoses throughout this time, but thyroid cancer will replace colorectal cancer as the fourth leading cancer diagnosis by 2030, and melanoma and uterine cancer will become the fifth and sixth most common cancers, respectively. Lung cancer is projected to remain the top cancer killer throughout this time period. However, pancreas and liver cancers are projected to surpass breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers to become the second and third leading causes of cancer-related death by 2030, respectively. Advances in screening, prevention, and treatment can change cancer incidence and/or death rates, but it will require a concerted effort by the research and healthcare communities now to effect a substantial change for the future. ©2014 American Association for Cancer Research.
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              Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer: Opportunities and Challenges

              Aatur Singhi, Eugene J. Koay, Suresh T. Chari … (2019)
              The vast majority of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents with symptomatic, surgically unresectable disease. While the goal of early detection of PDAC is laudable, and likely to result in significant improvement in overall survival, the relatively low prevalence of PDAC renders general population screening infeasible. The challenges of early detection include identification of at-risk individuals in the general population who would benefit from longitudinal surveillance programs, and appropriate biomarker and imaging-based modalities utilized for PDAC surveillance in such cohorts. In recent years, various subgroups at higher than average risk for PDAC have been identified, including those with familial risk due to germline mutations, a history of pancreatitis, patients with mucinous pancreatic cysts, and elderly patients with new onset diabetes (NOD). The last two categories will be discussed at length in terms of the opportunities and challenges they present for PDAC early detection. We also discuss current and emerging imaging modalities that are critical to identifying early, potentially curable, PDAC in high-risk cohorts on surveillance.
              Article 0 comments Cited 235 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Nanomedicine
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Nanomedicine
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijn
                Title: International Journal of Nanomedicine
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Print): 1176-9114
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 06 November 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 16
                Pages: 7463-7478
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210029, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Shuai Ren; Zhongqiu Wang Department of Radiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , No. 155 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210029, People’s Republic of China Email sren001@163.com; zhongqiuwang0815@163.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4902-6298
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6681-7345
                Article
                Publisher ID: 335588
                DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S335588
                PMC ID: 8579871
                PubMed ID: 34785894
                SO-VID: 88cd5776-fe41-4b05-9d75-8c4ffca4bb7e
                Copyright © © 2021 Ren et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 24 August 2021
                Date accepted : 08 October 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 2, References: 53, Pages: 16
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: pancreatic cancer,emodin,magnetic nanoparticles,passive targeting
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular medicine
                Keywords: pancreatic cancer, emodin, magnetic nanoparticles, passive targeting

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