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      Do Savant Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorders Share Sex Differences? A Comprehensive Review

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          Abstract

          Savant syndrome was described before autism. However, they soon became closely associated, as many of their symptoms (intellectual disability, repetitive behaviors, alterations in social communication, and islets of abilities) overlap. Only a few women with autism have been diagnosed with savant syndrome. The theories or hypotheses that attempt to explain savant syndrome, which are common in autism, present differential treatment according to sex. We postulate that savant syndrome associated with autism as well as autism in general is underdiagnosed in women.

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          Executive Functions

          Adele Diamond (2013)
          Executive functions (EFs) make possible mentally playing with ideas; taking the time to think before acting; meeting novel, unanticipated challenges; resisting temptations; and staying focused. Core EFs are inhibition [response inhibition (self-control—resisting temptations and resisting acting impulsively) and interference control (selective attention and cognitive inhibition)], working memory, and cognitive flexibility (including creatively thinking “outside the box,” seeing anything from different perspectives, and quickly and flexibly adapting to changed circumstances). The developmental progression and representative measures of each are discussed. Controversies are addressed (e.g., the relation between EFs and fluid intelligence, self-regulation, executive attention, and effortful control, and the relation between working memory and inhibition and attention). The importance of social, emotional, and physical health for cognitive health is discussed because stress, lack of sleep, loneliness, or lack of exercise each impair EFs. That EFs are trainable and can be improved with practice is addressed, including diverse methods tried thus far.
          Article 0 comments Cited 3351 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis.

            Akira Miyake, Naomi Friedman, Michael J Emerson … (2000)
            This individual differences study examined the separability of three often postulated executive functions-mental set shifting ("Shifting"), information updating and monitoring ("Updating"), and inhibition of prepotent responses ("Inhibition")-and their roles in complex "frontal lobe" or "executive" tasks. One hundred thirty-seven college students performed a set of relatively simple experimental tasks that are considered to predominantly tap each target executive function as well as a set of frequently used executive tasks: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Tower of Hanoi (TOH), random number generation (RNG), operation span, and dual tasking. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three target executive functions are moderately correlated with one another, but are clearly separable. Moreover, structural equation modeling suggested that the three functions contribute differentially to performance on complex executive tasks. Specifically, WCST performance was related most strongly to Shifting, TOH to Inhibition, RNG to Inhibition and Updating, and operation span to Updating. Dual task performance was not related to any of the three target functions. These results suggest that it is important to recognize both the unity and diversity of executive functions and that latent variable analysis is a useful approach to studying the organization and roles of executive functions. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
            Article 0 comments Cited 1848 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The attention system of the human brain.

              Michael I. Posner, Steven E. Petersen (1990)
              Article 0 comments Cited 1169 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Soa Chongsonyon Chongsin Uihak
                Journal ID (publisher-id): J Korean Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
                Title: Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
                Publisher: Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
                ISSN (Print): 1225-729X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2233-9183
                Publication date (Print): 1 April 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 April 2023
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 April 2023
                Volume: 34
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 117-124
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
                [2 ]Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
                [3 ]School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Yurena Alonso-Esteban, Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Zaragoza, C/Atarazana, 4, Teruel 44003, Spain Tel: +34 978618101, E-mail: yalonso@ 123456unizar.es
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9355-2909
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6715-4456
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6022-5437
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8379-3813
                Article
                Publisher ID: jkacap-34-2-117
                DOI: 10.5765/jkacap.230008
                PMC ID: 10080262
                SO-VID: 88bdc126-a648-449f-873e-4c827c75a9a3
                Copyright © Copyright © 2023 Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 2 February 2023
                Date accepted : 24 March 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Special Article

                Keywords: savant syndrome,autism spectrum disorder,sex differences
                Data availability:
                Keywords: savant syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, sex differences

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