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      N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX as a highly selective light-up probe for G-quadruplex DNA

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          Abstract

          N-methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM) is a water-soluble, non-symmetric porphyrin with excellent optical properties and unparalleled selectivity for G-quadruplex (GQ) DNA. G-quadruplexes are non-canonical DNA structures formed by guanine-rich sequences. They are implicated in genomic stability, longevity, and cancer. The ability of NMM to selectively recognize GQ structures makes it a valuable scaffold for designing novel GQ binders. In this review, we survey the literature describing the GQ-binding properties of NMM as well as its wide utility in chemistry and biology. We start with the discovery of the GQ-binding properties of NMM and the development of NMM-binding aptamers. We then discuss the optical properties of NMM, focusing on the light-switch effect — high fluorescence of NMM induced upon its binding to GQ DNA. Additionally, we examine the affinity and selectivity of NMM for GQs, as well as its ability to stabilize GQ structures and favor parallel GQ conformations. Furthermore, a portion of the review is dedicated to the applications of NMM-GQ complexes as biosensors for heavy metals, small molecules ( e.g. ATP and pesticides), DNA, and proteins. Finally and importantly, we discuss the utility of NMM as a probe to investigate the roles of GQs in biological processes.

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          G-Quadruplex DNA: Methods and Protocols

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            Author and article information

            Journal
            9890997
            36198
            J Porphyr Phthalocyanines
            J Porphyr Phthalocyanines
            Journal of porphyrins and phthalocyanines
            1088-4246
            1099-1409
            18 April 2021
            December 2019
            11 August 2021
            : 23
            : 11n12
            : 1195-1215
            Affiliations
            Swarthmore College, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
            Author notes
            [♢]

            SPP full member in good standing.

            [* ]Correspondence to: Liliya A. Yatsunyk, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA. tel.: 610-328-8558, lyatsun1@ 123456swarthmore.edu .
            Article
            NIHMS1694849
            10.1142/s1088424619300179
            8356643
            34385812
            8826dadc-b0b9-47c0-ae21-265390087695

            This is an Open Access article published by World Scientific Publishing Company. It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 (CC BY) License which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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            g-quadruplex dna,n-methyl mesoporphyrin ix,light switch,fluorescence,selectivity,parallel g-quadruplex

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