MANGANESE AS ESSENTIAL AND TOXIC ELEMENT FOR PLANTS: TRANSPORT, ACCUMULATION AND RESISTANCE MECHANISMS

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Abstract

Manganese is an essential element for plants, intervening in several metabolic processes, mainly in photosynthesis and as an enzyme antioxidant-cofactor. Nevertheless, an excess of this micronutrient is toxic for plants. Mn phytotoxicity is manifested in a reduction of biomass and photosynthesis, and biochemical disorders such as oxidative stress. Some studies on Mn toxicity and Mn translocation from soil to plant cells in Mn2+ form have demonstrated their importance under low pH and redox potential conditions in the soil. When Mn is inside the cells, mechanisms that can tolerate this toxicity are also observed, being important the compartmentalization of this metal in different organdíes of shoot and leaf plant cells. A key role of antioxidative systems in plants in relation to high Mn amounts has also been reported as a defense mechanism. The purpose of this review is to show the role of Mn as an essential micronutrient and as a toxic element to higher plants as well as to their transport and tolerance mechanisms. The forms and dynamics of this element in soils and the importance of the acidity for this dynamic and availability for plants are also given.

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FUNCTION AND MECHANISM OF ORGANIC ANION EXUDATION FROM PLANT ROOTS.

PR Ryan, E Delhaize, DL Jones (2001)

The rhizosphere is the zone of soil immediately surrounding plant roots that is modified by root activity. In this critical zone, plants perceive and respond to their environment. As a consequence of normal growth and development, a large range of organic and inorganic substances are exchanged between the root and soil, which inevitably leads to changes in the biochemical and physical properties of the rhizosphere. Plants also modify their rhizosphere in response to certain environmental signals and stresses. Organic anions are commonly detected in this region, and their exudation from plant roots has now been associated with nutrient deficiencies and inorganic ion stresses. This review summarizes recent developments in the understanding of the function, mechanism, and regulation of organic anion exudation from roots. The benefits that plants derive from the presence of organic anions in the rhizosphere are described and the potential for biotechnology to increase organic anion exudation is highlighted.

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Redox sensing and signalling associated with reactive oxygen in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and mitochondria

Christine Foyer, Graham Noctor (2003)

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How do crop plants tolerate acid soils? Mechanisms of aluminum tolerance and phosphorous efficiency.

Leon Kochian, Owen Hoekenga, Miguel A Piñeros (2004)

Acid soils significantly limit crop production worldwide because approximately 50% of the world's potentially arable soils are acidic. Because acid soils are such an important constraint to agriculture, understanding the mechanisms and genes conferring tolerance to acid soil stress has been a focus of intense research interest over the past decade. The primary limitations on acid soils are toxic levels of aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn), as well as suboptimal levels of phosphorous (P). This review examines our current understanding of the physiological, genetic, and molecular basis for crop Al tolerance, as well as reviews the emerging area of P efficiency, which involves the genetically based ability of some crop genotypes to tolerate P deficiency stress on acid soils. These are interesting times for this field because researchers are on the verge of identifying some of the genes that confer Al tolerance in crop plants; these discoveries will open up new avenues of molecular/physiological inquiry that should greatly advance our understanding of these tolerance mechanisms. Additionally, these breakthroughs will provide new molecular resources for improving crop Al tolerance via both molecular-assisted breeding and biotechnology.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): jsspn

Title: Journal of soil science and plant nutrition

Abbreviated Title: J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr.

Publisher: Chilean Society of Soil Science / Sociedad Chilena de la Ciencia del Suelo (Temuco, , Chile )

ISSN (Electronic): 0718-9516

Publication date (Print and electronic): 2010

Volume: 10

Issue: 4

Pages: 470-481

Affiliations

[03] Ontario orgnameUniversity of Western orgdiv1Department of Biology and the Biotron Canada

[04] Temuco orgnameUniversidad de La Frontera orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias Químicas orgdiv2Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology - Scientific and TechnologicalBioresource Nucleus (BIOREN Chile malberdi@ 123456ufro.cl

[02] Temuco orgnameUniversidad de La Frontera orgdiv1Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology orgdiv2Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Chile

[01] Temuco orgnameUniversidad de La Frontera orgdiv1Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales Chile