Synergistic Toxicity of Plant Essential Oils Combined with Pyrethroid Insecticides against Blow Flies and the House Fly

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Abstract

Blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) are filth flies of medical importance, and control of their population is needed. As insecticide applications have resulted in fly resistance, and the exploration of plant essential oils (EOs) has increased against filth flies, this study assessed the combination of EOs with pyrethoids to enhance toxic efficacy. The EOs of five effective plants were screened initially against the house fly ( Musca domestica L.). Their chemical constituent was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The main components of Boesenbergia rotunda (Zingiberaceae) rhizome, Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) rhizome, Citrus hystrix (Rutaceae) fruit peel, Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) seed, and Zanthoxylum limonella (Rutaceae) fruit were δ-3-caren (35.25%), β-turmerone (51.68%), β-pinene (26.56%), p-cumic aldehyde (58.21%), and dipentene (60.22%), respectively. The screening test revealed that the three most effective plant EOs were from B. rotunda, C. longa and O. gratissimum, which were selected for the combination with two pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin and deltamethrin), in order to enhance their synergistic efficacy against the blow flies, Chrysomya megacephala Fabricius, Chrysomya rufifacies Macquart, and Lucilia cuprina Wiedemann, and the house fly. Synergistic action was presented in almost all of the flies tested with permenthrin/deltamethrin/EOs mixtures. It was interesting that the combination of deltamethrin with three EOs showed a synergistic effect on all of the tested flies. However, an antagonistic effect was observed in C. megacephala and M. domestica treated with permethrin- B. rotunda and C. megacephala treated with permethrin- O. gratissimum. The LD ₅₀ of insecticides decreased when combined with plant EOs. This alternative strategy will be helpful in developing a formula for effective fly control management.

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Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world.

Murray Isman (2006)

Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.

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Neurotoxic actions of pyrethroid insecticides.

D Söderlund, J Bloomquist (1988)

Pyrethroid insecticides interact with a variety of neurochemical processes, but not all of these actions are likely to be involved in the disruption of nerve function. Several lines of evidence suggest that the voltage-sensitive sodium channel is the single principal molecular target site for all pyrethroids and DDT analogs in both insects and mammals. The alterations of sodium channel functions identified in both biophysical and biochemical studies are directly related to the effects of these compounds on intact nerves. The pyrethroid recognition site of the sodium channel exhibits the stringent stereospecificity predicted by in vivo estimates of intrinsic neurotoxicity in both insects and mammals. Type I and Type II compounds produce qualitatively different effects on sodium channel tail currents, divergent actions on intact nerves, and different effects on the excitability of vertebrate skeletal muscle. Moreover, compounds that are defined as intermediate in the Type I/Type II classification scheme are also intermediate in their effects on sodium channel kinetics. The range of different actions on sensory and motor nerve pathways arising from these qualitatively different effects at the level of the sodium channel appear to be sufficient to explain the distinct poisoning syndromes that have been identified in both insects and mammals. Thus, it does not appear necessary to invoke different primary target sites for Type I and Type II compounds to explain their actions in whole animals. Although the voltage-sensitive sodium channel is likely to be the principal site of pyrethroid action, it is probably not the only site involved in intoxication. Insect neurosecretory neurons are sensitive to very low concentrations of pyrethroids, and disruption of the neuroendocrine system has been implicated as a factor contributing to the irreversible effects of pyrethroid intoxication in insects. Since action potentials in these nerves are carried by calcium ions through TTX-insensitive voltage-gated cation channels, these findings provide evidence that pyrethroids can alter neuronal excitability through an action on voltage-sensitive channels other than the sodium channel. Actions on voltage-sensitive calcium channels may also be involved in the effects of pyrethroids on neurotransmitter release in mammals. The proconvulsant actions of pyrethroids mediated through the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor may also contribute to pyrethroid intoxication. Both Type I and Type II compounds are potent proconvulsants in vivo at doses well below those required to produce pyrethroid-dependent intoxication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Acute toxicity and synergistic and antagonistic effects of the aromatic compounds of some essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae.

Roman Pavela (2015)

The efficacy of 30 aromatic compounds and their mutual binary combinations was assessed for acute toxicity against the larvae Culex quinquefasciatus. Based on comparison of the lethal doses, thymol and p-cymene were selected as the most effective (LD50 = 18 and 21 mg L(-1), respectively, and LD90 = 25 and 30 mg L(-1), respectively). Although the LD50 for terpinolene and trans-anethole was also estimated at 21 mg L(-1), their LD90 was significantly higher compared to the substances above (245 and 34 mg L(-1), respectively). In total, 435 binary combinations were tested, of which 249 combinations showed a significant synergistic effect, while 74 combinations showed a significant antagonistic effect on mortality. Only nine substances were identified as being able to create a synergistic effect with more than 20 substances: limonene, trans-anethole, 4-allylanisole, carvacrol, isoeugenol, menthone, carvone, borneol, and camphor. The highest synergistic effect on larval mortality was achieved for the combinations: eugenol and isoeugenol, carvone and carvacrol, carvone and 4-allylanisole, carvone and α-terpineol, carvone and menthone, limonene and trans-anethole, limonene and menthone, α-pinene and menthone, β-citronellol and menthone, carvacrol and 4-allylanisole, carvacrol and terpineol, α-terpinene and trans-anethole, camphor and menthone, camphene and menthone, and 4-allylanisole and menthone. Significant differences between achieved mortality and the mutual mixing ratio were found for the five selected binary mixtures that had shown the most significant synergistic effect in the previous tests. The mixture of limonene and trans-anethole showed the highest mortality, with the mixing ratio 1:1; the mixture of eugenol and isoeugenol caused 90.2% mortality, with the mixing ratio 1:3. One hundred percent mortality was achieved if carvacrol was contained in a mixture with carvone in a ratio >2. After a comparison of all our results, based on our experiments, we can choose two pairs that caused mortality higher than 90% in concentrations lower than 20 mg L(-1): limonene and trans-anethole (with the mixing ratio 1:1), and carvone and carvacrol (with the mixing ratio 1:2-3). The information gained can thus be used in the development of new botanical insecticides based on essential oils (EOs) and particularly in the creation of formulations.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Insects

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Insects

Journal ID (publisher-id): insects

Title: Insects

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2075-4450

Publication date (Electronic): 21 June 2019

Publication date Collection: June 2019

Volume: 10

Issue: 6

Electronic Location Identifier: 178

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; suttida294@ 123456gmail.com (S.S.); kabkaew.s@ 123456cmu.ac.th (K.L.S.); benjawan.p@ 123456cmu.ac.th (B.P.); anuluck.j@ 123456cmu.ac.th (A.J.); kwankamol.l@ 123456cmu.ac.th (K.L.); pradya.somboon@ 123456cmu.ac.th (P.S.)

[2 ]Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand

[3 ]School of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton 4343, Australia; m.jones@ 123456uq.edu.au

[4 ]College of Medicine and Public Health, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand; ratana_tlek@ 123456yahoo.com

[5 ]Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; faasthc@ 123456ku.ac.th

[6 ]Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand; apiwat@ 123456health.moph.go.th (A.T.); usavadee99@ 123456gmail.com (U.T.)

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: kom.s@ 123456cmu.ac.th

Author information

Anuluck Junkum https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1810-6308

Malcolm K. Jones https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0035-6141

Pradya Somboon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-4363

Article

Publisher ID: insects-10-00178

DOI: 10.3390/insects10060178

PMC ID: 6627951

PubMed ID: 31234357

SO-VID: 87d76f95-d423-4be4-ac38-dd8b0cf87884

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 29 April 2019

Date accepted : 14 June 2019

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Synergistic Toxicity of Plant Essential Oils Combined with Pyrethroid Insecticides against Blow Flies and the House Fly

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Herbal Medicines Journal (Herb Med J)

Most cited references 43

Botanical insecticides, deterrents, and repellents in modern agriculture and an increasingly regulated world.

Neurotoxic actions of pyrethroid insecticides.

Acute toxicity and synergistic and antagonistic effects of the aromatic compounds of some essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus Say larvae.

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