Neste artigo abordamos aspectos da institucionalização da vacina antivariólica no Brasil, em cerca de um século. Apresentamos descobertas e discussões ocorridas em outros países, mostrando seus reflexos em nosso país desde a introdução da vacina humanizada até a chegada da vacina animal e a criação do Instituto Vacínico Municipal, por iniciativa particular do dr. Pedro Affonso Franco, o barão de Pedro Affonso. A introdução da vacina animal significou um avanço no controle da doença e impulsionou as discussões que redundaram no alinhamento de grupos médicos e políticos em torno de Oswaldo Cruz ou do barão de Pedro Affonso. Com a incorporação do Instituto Vacínico aos laboratórios de Manguinhos, terminou a polêmica que agitou os meios acadêmicos e políticos.
Covering a period of roughly hundred years, the article looks at some of the more meaningful events during the period in which the small pox vaccine was institutionalized in Brazil. Discoveries and discussions then taking place in other countries are also examined, particularly as they influenced Brazil. The process is followed from introduction of the human vaccine to the arrival of the animal vaccine and creation of the Municipal Vaccine Institute - a private initiative by physician Pedro Affonso Franco, also known as the barão de Pedro Affonso. Adoption of the animal vaccine not only represented progress in controlling the disease but also spurred discussions that saw medical and political groups in Brazil taking sides with either Oswaldo Cruz or the barão de Pedro Affonso. The debate continued within the academic and political arenas until the Vaccine Institute was made part of the Manguinhos laboratories.
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