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      Quantitative Evaluation of the Facial Morphology of a Tolteca Figurine from Mexico using Geometric Morphometric Approaches Translated title: Evaluación Cuantitativa de la Morfología Facial de una Figura Tolteca de México Utilizando la Morfometría Geométrica

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          Abstract

          Morphometric approaches can be combined with 2D or 3D imaging to quantitatively evaluate craniofacial medical conditions depicted in material culture and to learn more about the culture being studied. A terra-cotta figurine (circa 500 A.D.) from the Tolteca culture of Mexico has previously been qualitatively "diagnosed" with Down syndrome (DS) based on the presence or absence of facial features typically associated with trisomy 21. The purpose of this research is to quantitatively test the hypothesis that the Tolteca figurine exhibits facial features consistent with DS. Landmarks (n = 24) were acquired from sex- and age-matched (5-20 yrs) facial images of DS individuals (n = 32), euploid individuals (n = 32), and the Tolteca figurine. Landmark coordinates were subjected to geometric morphometric analyses, and the results suggest that the Tolteca figurine displays facial morphology consistent with DS.

          Translated abstract

          Con el objetivo de evaluar cuantitativamente las complejas condiciones medicas craneofaciales, se pueden combinar los enfoques morfométricos con imágenes 2D o 3D representadas en la cultura material, para un mayor conocimiento referente al estudio cultural. Una figura de terracota (alrededor del 500 DC) de la cultura Tolteca de México ha sido previamente y cualitativamente "diagnosticada" con Síndrome de Down en base a la presencia o ausencia de rasgos faciales típicamente asociados con trisomía 21. El propósito de esta investigación fue comprobar cuantitativamente la hipótesis de que esta figura de la cultura Tolteca exhibe rasgos faciales consistentes con Síndrome de Down. Se identificaron puntos de referencia similares (n = 24) según sexo y edad (5-20 años) a imágenes faciales de individuos con Síndrome de Down (n = 32), individuos euploides (n = 32) y de la figura Tolteca. Los puntos de referencia fueron sometidos a un análisis morfométrico geométrico, y los resultados sugieren que la morfología facial de la figura Tolteca es consistente con el Síndrome de Down.

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          MorphoJ: an integrated software package for geometric morphometrics.

          Increasingly, data on shape are analysed in combination with molecular genetic or ecological information, so that tools for geometric morphometric analysis are required. Morphometric studies most often use the arrangements of morphological landmarks as the data source and extract shape information from them by Procrustes superimposition. The MorphoJ software combines this approach with a wide range of methods for shape analysis in different biological contexts. The program offers an integrated and user-friendly environment for standard multivariate analyses such as principal components, discriminant analysis and multivariate regression as well as specialized applications including phylogenetics, quantitative genetics and analyses of modularity in shape data. MorphoJ is written in Java and versions for the Windows, Macintosh and Unix/Linux platforms are freely available from http://www.flywings.org.uk/MorphoJ_page.htm. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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            Morphometric integration and modularity in configurations of landmarks: tools for evaluating a priori hypotheses

            Identifying the modular components of a configuration of landmarks is an important task of morphometric analyses in evolutionary developmental biology. Modules are integrated internally by many interactions among their component parts, but are linked to one another only by few or weak interactions. Accordingly, traits within modules are tightly correlated with each other, but relatively independent of traits in other modules. Hypotheses concerning the boundaries of modules in a landmark configuration can therefore be tested by comparing the strength of covariation among alternative partitions of the configuration into subsets of landmarks. If a subdivision coincides with the true boundaries between modules, the correlations among subsets should be minimal. This article introduces Escoufier's RV coefficient and the multi-set RV coefficient as measures of the correlation between two or more subsets of landmarks. These measures can be compared between alternative partitions of the configuration into subsets. Because developmental interactions are tissue bound, it is sensible to require that modules should be spatially contiguous. I propose a criterion for spatial contiguity for sets of landmarks using an adjacency graph. The new methods are demonstrated with data on shape of the wing in Drosophila melanogaster and the mandible of the house mouse.
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              Geometric Morphometrics of Developmental Instability: Analyzing Patterns of Fluctuating Asymmetry with Procrustes Methods

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ijmorphol
                International Journal of Morphology
                Int. J. Morphol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía (Temuco, , Chile )
                0717-9502
                June 2014
                : 32
                : 2
                : 499-509
                Affiliations
                [01] Indianapolis orgnameIndiana University orgdiv1School of Dentistry orgdiv2Department of Orthodontics and Facial Genetics USA
                Article
                S0717-95022014000200021 S0717-9502(14)03200200021
                10.4067/S0717-95022014000200021
                879bf0d0-f8ff-485e-b6a5-82d01c5780b3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 December 2013
                : 15 January 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Chile


                Matriz de análisis (EDMA),Distancia euclidiana,3dMD,Síndrome de Down,Trisoma 21,Principal coordinates analysis,Analisis principal de coordinadas,Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA),Down syndrome,Trisomy 21

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