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      Aging and Cardiovascular Disease: Current Status and Challenges

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          Abstract

          Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Population aging is becoming the most important driver of the CVD epidemic. With the rapid increase in an aging population, the burden of CVD will continuously increase. Most old people also suffer multimorbidity, which is strongly associated with impaired quality of life, disability, dependence, and mortality. However, few reviews evaluated the CVD burden accompanied by population aging and the challenges of CVD care in elderly individuals with multimorbidity. This review identified and summarized the current status of the CVD epidemic associated with aging and highlighted the challenges and needs of CVD care for the elderly.

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          Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019

          Gregory A Roth, George A Mensah, Catherine O. Johnson … (2022)
          Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.
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            2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension

            Bryan P. Williams, Giuseppe Mancia, Wilko Spiering … (2018)
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              2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation

              Héctor Bueno, Borja Ibanez, Stefan James … (2017)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Wannian Liang
                Jerome L. Fleg: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Rev Cardiovasc Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): RCM
                Title: Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine
                Publisher: IMR Press
                ISSN (Print): 2153-8174
                ISSN (Electronic): 1530-6550
                Publication date (Electronic): 8 April 2022
                Publication date Collection: April 2022
                Volume: 23
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: 135
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, 10084 Beijing, China
                [2] 2School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 10084 Beijing, China
                [3] 3Center for Coronary Artery Disease, Division of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100029 Beijing, China
                [4] 4Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 400038 Chongqing, China
                Author notes
                *Correspondence: liangwn@ 123456tsinghua.edu.cn (Wannian Liang)

                †These authors contributed equally.

                Article
                Publisher ID: S1530-6550(22)00459-8
                DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2304135
                PMC ID: 11274005
                PubMed ID: 39076212
                SO-VID: 86d2b270-ee00-40db-b23f-74e2aedca019
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by IMR Press.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.

                History
                Date received : 30 December 2021
                Date revision received : 10 March 2022
                Date accepted : 10 March 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: aging,cardiovascular disease,epidemiology,multimorbidity,deprescribing
                Data availability:
                Keywords: aging, cardiovascular disease, epidemiology, multimorbidity, deprescribing

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