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      Incidence of and mortality from COVID-19 in the older Brazilian population and its relationship with contextual indicators: an ecological study Translated title: Incidência e mortalidade por COVID-19 na população idosa brasileira e sua relação com indicadores contextuais: um estudo ecológico

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          Abstract

          Abstract Objective: to analyze the incidence of and mortality caused by COVID-19 in the older population in Brazil and its relationship with contextual variables. Methods: the 22 Brazilian states (including the Federal District) with 50 deaths or more due to COVID-19 by May 25th, 2020 were included. The rates of accumulated incidence, accumulated mortality and accumulated lethality among older adults were considered as dependent variables. Among the contextual variables, the provision of health services and professionals, and demographic, income and development indicators were included. The variables were analyzed in a descriptive and bivariate manner using Spearman’s correlation. Results: the state of Pará had the highest incidence and mortality rate among older adults. The highest accumulated lethality rates among this population were observed in Bahia (56.46%), Rio de Janeiro (48.10%) and Pernambuco (40.76%). There was a significant negative moderate correlation between the accumulated incidence rate and the aging index (rho=-0.662; p=0.001) and the proportion of older adults (rho=-0.659; p=0.002); and between the mortality rate and the aging index (rho=-0.520; p=0.013) and the proportion of older adults (rho=-0.502; p=0.017). The accumulated incidence rate and mortality rate also revealed, respectively, a significant positive correlation with the proportion of black (Afro-Brazilian) and brown (mixed race) skinned people (rho=0.524; p=0.018 and rho=0.558; p=0.007) and with the income ratio (rho=0.665; p=0.0001 and rho=0.683; p<0.001). Conclusions: the Brazilian epidemiological situation shows that the mortality of older adults due to COVID-19 in Brazil is related to demographic and income distribution aspects.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Objetivo: analisar a incidência e mortalidade por COVID-19 na população idosa no Brasil e sua relação com variáveis contextuais. Métodos: foram incluídas as 22 Unidades Federativas brasileiras que apresentaram 50 óbitos ou mais por COVID-19 até o dia 25 de maio de 2020. Considerou-se como variáveis dependentes as taxas de incidência acumulada, mortalidade acumulada e letalidade acumulada em idosos. Entre as variáveis contextuais, foram incluídas a oferta de serviços e profissionais de saúde, indicadores demográficos, de renda e desenvolvimento. As variáveis foram analisadas de forma descritiva e bivariada pela correlação de Spearman. Resultados: o estado do Pará apresentou a maior taxa de incidência e mortalidade em idosos. As maiores taxas de letalidade acumulada entre os idosos foram observadas na Bahia (56,46%), Rio de Janeiro (48,10%) e Pernambuco (40,76%). Observou-se correlação moderada negativa significativa entre a taxa de incidência acumulada e o índice de envelhecimento (rho= -0,662; p=0,001) e a proporção de idosos (rho= -0,659; p=0,002); e entre a taxa de mortalidade e o índice de envelhecimento (rho= -0,520; p=0,013) e a proporção de idosos (rho= -0,502; p=0,017). A taxa de incidência acumulada e a taxa de mortalidade também apresentaram, respectivamente, correlação moderada positiva significativa com a proporção de pretos e pardos (rho=0,524; p=0,018 e rho=0,558; p=0,007) e com a razão de renda (rho=0,665; p=0,0001 e rho=0,683; p<0,001). Conclusões: a situação epidemiológica brasileira mostra que a mortalidade de idosos por COVID-19 no Brasil está relacionada a aspectos demográficos e de distribuição de renda.

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          A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster

          Summary Background An ongoing outbreak of pneumonia associated with a novel coronavirus was reported in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China. Affected patients were geographically linked with a local wet market as a potential source. No data on person-to-person or nosocomial transmission have been published to date. Methods In this study, we report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, radiological, and microbiological findings of five patients in a family cluster who presented with unexplained pneumonia after returning to Shenzhen, Guangdong province, China, after a visit to Wuhan, and an additional family member who did not travel to Wuhan. Phylogenetic analysis of genetic sequences from these patients were done. Findings From Jan 10, 2020, we enrolled a family of six patients who travelled to Wuhan from Shenzhen between Dec 29, 2019 and Jan 4, 2020. Of six family members who travelled to Wuhan, five were identified as infected with the novel coronavirus. Additionally, one family member, who did not travel to Wuhan, became infected with the virus after several days of contact with four of the family members. None of the family members had contacts with Wuhan markets or animals, although two had visited a Wuhan hospital. Five family members (aged 36–66 years) presented with fever, upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms, or diarrhoea, or a combination of these 3–6 days after exposure. They presented to our hospital (The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen) 6–10 days after symptom onset. They and one asymptomatic child (aged 10 years) had radiological ground-glass lung opacities. Older patients (aged >60 years) had more systemic symptoms, extensive radiological ground-glass lung changes, lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, and increased C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase levels. The nasopharyngeal or throat swabs of these six patients were negative for known respiratory microbes by point-of-care multiplex RT-PCR, but five patients (four adults and the child) were RT-PCR positive for genes encoding the internal RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and surface Spike protein of this novel coronavirus, which were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of these five patients' RT-PCR amplicons and two full genomes by next-generation sequencing showed that this is a novel coronavirus, which is closest to the bat severe acute respiatory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses found in Chinese horseshoe bats. Interpretation Our findings are consistent with person-to-person transmission of this novel coronavirus in hospital and family settings, and the reports of infected travellers in other geographical regions. Funding The Shaw Foundation Hong Kong, Michael Seak-Kan Tong, Respiratory Viral Research Foundation Limited, Hui Ming, Hui Hoy and Chow Sin Lan Charity Fund Limited, Marina Man-Wai Lee, the Hong Kong Hainan Commercial Association South China Microbiology Research Fund, Sanming Project of Medicine (Shenzhen), and High Level-Hospital Program (Guangdong Health Commission).
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            The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status

            An acute respiratory disease, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, previously known as 2019-nCoV), the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread throughout China and received worldwide attention. On 30 January 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the COVID-19 epidemic as a public health emergency of international concern. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, marked the third introduction of a highly pathogenic and large-scale epidemic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. As of 1 March 2020, a total of 87,137 confirmed cases globally, 79,968 confirmed in China and 7169 outside of China, with 2977 deaths (3.4%) had been reported by WHO. Meanwhile, several independent research groups have identified that SARS-CoV-2 belongs to β-coronavirus, with highly identical genome to bat coronavirus, pointing to bat as the natural host. The novel coronavirus uses the same receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as that for SARS-CoV, and mainly spreads through the respiratory tract. Importantly, increasingly evidence showed sustained human-to-human transmission, along with many exported cases across the globe. The clinical symptoms of COVID-19 patients include fever, cough, fatigue and a small population of patients appeared gastrointestinal infection symptoms. The elderly and people with underlying diseases are susceptible to infection and prone to serious outcomes, which may be associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cytokine storm. Currently, there are few specific antiviral strategies, but several potent candidates of antivirals and repurposed drugs are under urgent investigation. In this review, we summarized the latest research progress of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical characteristics of COVID-19, and discussed the current treatment and scientific advancements to combat the epidemic novel coronavirus.
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              Recovering from the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Focus on Older Adults

              As we look toward recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, we overview challenges to be minimized, including economic setbacks, health and well-being effects, and highlighted ageism, racism, and classism. We articulate opportunities to be seized, including increased comfort with technology and online platforms; stronger family and intergenerational connections, renewed energy to combat social isolation; more respect for self-care and time management; increased awareness about the importance of advance directives; and, potentially, increased interest across disciplines to work on issues of aging society. Ongoing efforts to improve policies and programs for longer, healthier lives might now be more productive, as we communicate to consumers, public officials, and everyday citizens who may be more aware of what isn't working, what is at stake, and what might be improved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbgg
                Revista Brasileira de Geriatria e Gerontologia
                Rev. bras. geriatr. gerontol.
                Universidade do Estado do Rio Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1809-9823
                1981-2256
                2020
                : 23
                : 1
                : e200171
                Affiliations
                [4] Natal Rio Grande do Norte orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte orgdiv1Centro de Ciências das Saúde orgdiv2Departamento de Odontologia Brazil
                [3] Campo Grande Mato Grosso do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul orgdiv1Instituto Integrado de Saúde Brazil
                [2] Natal Rio Grande do Norte orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte orgdiv1Centro de Ciências da Saúde orgdiv2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva Brazil
                [1] Santa Cruz Rio Grande do Norte orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte orgdiv1Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairí Brazil
                Article
                S1809-98232020000100208 S1809-9823(20)02300100208
                10.1590/1981-22562020023.200171
                86adf00b-b67f-4c1e-a18b-f12641b9fde6

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 July 2020
                : 01 June 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Articles

                Health of the Elderly,Infecções por Coronavirus,COVID-19,Mortality,Incidence,Coronavirus,Coronavirus Infections,Mortalidade,Incidência,Saúde do Idoso

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