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      Communication of mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units Translated title: A comunicação dos doentes mecanicamente ventilados em unidades de cuidados intensivos

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The aim of this study was to translate and culturally and linguistically adapt the Ease of Communication Scale and to assess the level of communication difficulties for patients undergoing mechanical ventilation with orotracheal intubation, relating these difficulties to clinical and sociodemographic variables.

          Methods

          This study had three stages: (1) cultural and linguistic adaptation of the Ease of Communication Scale; (2) preliminary assessment of its psychometric properties; and (3) observational, descriptive-correlational and cross-sectional study, conducted from March to August 2015, based on the Ease of Communication Scale - after extubation answers and clinical and sociodemographic variables of 31 adult patients who were extubated, clinically stable and admitted to five Portuguese intensive care units.

          Results

          Expert analysis showed high agreement on content (100%) and relevance (75%). The pretest scores showed a high acceptability regarding the completion of the instrument and its usefulness. The Ease of Communication Scale showed excellent internal consistency (0.951 Cronbach's alpha). The factor analysis explained approximately 81% of the total variance with two scale components. On average, the patients considered the communication experiences during intubation to be "quite hard" (2.99). No significant correlation was observed between the communication difficulties reported and the studied sociodemographic and clinical variables, except for the clinical variable "number of hours after extubation" (p < 0.05).

          Conclusion

          This study translated and adapted the first assessment instrument of communication difficulties for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care units into European Portuguese. The preliminary scale validation suggested high reliability. Patients undergoing mechanical ventilation reported that communication during intubation was "quite hard", and these communication difficulties apparently existed regardless of the presence of other clinical and/or sociodemographic variables.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo

          Traduzir e adaptar cultural e linguisticamente o instrumento Ease of Communication Scale e determinar o nível de dificuldades de comunicação dos doentes submetidos à ventilação mecânica com entubação orotraqueal, relacionando-o a variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas.

          Métodos

          Este estudo teve três fases: (1) adaptação cultural e linguística da Ease of Communication Scale; (2) avaliação preliminar de suas propriedades psicométricas; e (3) pesquisa observacional, descritivo-correlacional e transversal, realizada entre março e agosto de 2015, com base nas respostas à Ease of Communication Scale - após a extubação, de 31 doentes adultos, extubados e clinicamente estáveis, admitidos em cinco unidades de cuidados intensivos portuguesas, e em suas variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas.

          Resultados

          A análise dos peritos revelou elevada concordância em relação ao conteúdo (100%) e à pertinência (75%). O pré-teste obteve elevada aceitabilidade ao nível do preenchimento e da sua utilidade. A Ease of Communication Scale apresentou excelente consistência interna (alfa de Cronbach de 0,951). A análise fatorial explicou cerca de 81% da variância total com duas componentes da escala. Em média, os doentes consideraram as experiências de comunicação, durante a entubação, "muito difíceis" (2,99). Não existiu relação estatisticamente significativa entre as dificuldades de comunicação reportadas e as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas estudadas, com exceção da variável clínica "número de horas após a extubação" (p < 0,05).

          Conclusão

          Realizou-se a tradução e a adaptação para o português europeu do primeiro instrumento de avaliação das dificuldades de comunicação dos doentes mecanicamente ventilados nas unidades de cuidados intensivos. A validação preliminar da escala sugeriu elevada fiabilidade. Os doentes submetidos à ventilação mecânica consideraram que as experiências de comunicação durante a entubação foram "muito difíceis" e estas dificuldades de comunicação pareceram existir independentemente da presença de outras variáveis clínicas e/ou sociodemográficas.

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          Most cited references58

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          A protocol of no sedation for critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a randomised trial.

          Standard treatment of critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation is continuous sedation. Daily interruption of sedation has a beneficial effect, and in the general intesive care unit of Odense University Hospital, Denmark, standard practice is a protocol of no sedation. We aimed to establish whether duration of mechanical ventilation could be reduced with a protocol of no sedation versus daily interruption of sedation. Of 428 patients assessed for eligibility, we enrolled 140 critically ill adult patients who were undergoing mechanical ventilation and were expected to need ventilation for more than 24 h. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio (unblinded) to receive: no sedation (n=70 patients); or sedation (20 mg/mL propofol for 48 h, 1 mg/mL midazolam thereafter) with daily interruption until awake (n=70, control group). Both groups were treated with bolus doses of morphine (2.5 or 5 mg). The primary outcome was the number of days without mechanical ventilation in a 28-day period, and we also recorded the length of stay in the intensive care unit (from admission to 28 days) and in hospital (from admission to 90 days). Analysis was by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00466492. 27 patients died or were successfully extubated within 48 h, and, as per our study design, were excluded from the study and statistical analysis. Patients receiving no sedation had significantly more days without ventilation (n=55; mean 13.8 days, SD 11.0) than did those receiving interrupted sedation (n=58; mean 9.6 days, SD 10.0; mean difference 4.2 days, 95% CI 0.3-8.1; p=0.0191). No sedation was also associated with a shorter stay in the intensive care unit (HR 1.86, 95% CI 1.05-3.23; p=0.0316), and, for the first 30 days studied, in hospital (3.57, 1.52-9.09; p=0.0039), than was interrupted sedation. No difference was recorded in the occurrences of accidental extubations, the need for CT or MRI brain scans, or ventilator-associated pneumonia. Agitated delirium was more frequent in the intervention group than in the control group (n=11, 20%vs n=4, 7%; p=0.0400). No sedation of critically ill patients receiving mechanical ventilation is associated with an increase in days without ventilation. A multicentre study is needed to establish whether this effect can be reproduced in other facilities. Danish Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, the Fund of Danielsen, the Fund of Kirsten Jensa la Cour, and the Fund of Holger og Ruth Hess. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Communication difficulties and psychoemotional distress in patients receiving mechanical ventilation.

            Difficulties in communication in intensive care patients receiving mechanical ventilation are a source of stressful experiences and psychoemotional distress.
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              The lived experiences of adult intensive care patients who were conscious during mechanical ventilation: a phenomenological-hermeneutic study.

              The aim of this study was to illuminate the lived experience of patients who were conscious during mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit (ICU). Interviews with 12 patients assessed as being conscious during mechanical ventilation were conducted approximately one week after discharge from an ICU. The text was analysed using a phenomenological-hermeneutic method inspired by Ricoeur. Apart from breathlessness, voicelessness was considered the worst experience. The discomfort and pain caused by the tracheal tube was considerable. A feeling of being helpless, deserted and powerless because of their serious physical condition and inability to talk prompted the patients to strive for independence and recovery and made them willing to 'flow with' the treatment and care. Comments from the patients suggest that their suffering can be alleviated by communication, participation in care activities and companionship. A patient's endurance whilst conscious during mechanical ventilation seems to be facilitated by the presence of nurses, who mediate hope and belief in recovery, strengthening the patient's will to fight for recovery and survival. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                Rev Bras Ter Intensiva
                rbti
                Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva
                Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB
                0103-507X
                1982-4335
                Apr-Jun 2016
                Apr-Jun 2016
                : 28
                : 2
                : 132-140
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Escola Superior de Saúde do Alcoitão - Alcabideche, Portugal.
                [2 ]Center of Interdisciplinary Investigation in Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Universidade Católica Portuguesa - Lisbon, Portugal.
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Carina Isabel Ferreira Martinho, Escola Superior de Saúde do Alcoitão, Rua Conde Barão, Alcoitão Alcabideche, 2649-506, Portugal, E-mail: carina.ifm@ 123456gmail.com

                Conflicts of interest: None.

                Article
                10.5935/0103-507X.20160027
                4943050
                27410408
                8694ab3c-43ee-4bd9-bd88-8b37a0939771

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 27 December 2015
                : 29 April 2016
                Categories
                Original Article

                communication,nonverbal communication,communication barriers,speech-language pathology,mechanical ventilation,intensive care units

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