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      Delayed Reconstruction of the Perforator Pedicle Propeller Flap after the Induced Membrane Technique for Gustilo IIIB Open Distal Tibial Fracture Translated title: Verzögerte Rekonstruktion des Perforator-Pedikel-Propellerlappens nach der induzierten Membrantechnik bei offener distaler Tibiafraktur von Gustilo IIIB

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          Abstract

          Objective

          This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of delayed reconstruction of the perforator pedicle propeller flap after the induced membrane technique in the treatment of Gustilo IIIB open distal tibial fracture, and to evaluate the clinical outcome and complications of two different perforator pedicle propeller flaps.

          Methods

          Thirty-four patients with Gustilo IIIB open distal tibial fractures treated by the induced membrane technique and delayed reconstruction of two different perforator pedicle propeller flaps from May 2017 to March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the different kinds of perforator pedicle propeller flaps covered. The operation required two stages. The Radiographic Union Score for Tibial fractures (RUST) was used to evaluate the healing of the tibial bone defect. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was used to evaluate ankle function. The complications associated with the technique were recorded.

          Results

          The number of serial debridements, excluding those performed during emergency and final operations, was a mean of 2.28 ± 0.83 in the PAPF group. The PAPF group had a mean bone defect length of 6.76 ± 0.69 cm, the median healing time of 13.11 ± 0.96 months, RUST score 12.68 ± 1.63, and AOFAS score of 84.12 ± 6.38. On the other hand the PTAPF group’s mean bone defect length was 6.73 ± 0.95 cm, the median healing time 12.63 ± 1.46 months, RUST score 13.73 ± 1.53 and AOFAS score 82.79 ± 5.49. There were no observed significant differences the two groups in the number of serial debridements, bone defect length, bone union time, RUST score, or AOFAS score (p > 0.05). Flap size ranged from 9 × 6 cm 2 to 14 × 7 cm 2 in the PAPF group and from 9 × 6 cm 2 to 13 × 7 cm 2 in the PTAPF group. There were no severe complications such as flap-related complications or amputation. The differences in complications in the two groups were not statistically significant.

          Conclusion

          In cases of severe open tibial fracture, the reconstructive method is important. When delayed reconstruction is inevitable, surgeons should first perform radical debridement, followed by vacuum sealing drainage as a bridging therapy; both PAPF and PTAPF can be considered for definitive soft tissue coverage.

          Zusammenfassung

          Ziele

          Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit der verzögerten Rekonstruktion des Perforator-Pedikel-Propellerlappens nach der induzierten Membrantechnik bei der Behandlung der offenen distalen Tibiafraktur von Gustilo IIIB zu untersuchen. Des Weiteren wurden die klinischen Ergebnisse sowie die Komplikationen von 2 verschiedenen Perforator-Pedikel-Propellerklappen bewertet.

          Methoden

          Bei der Studie handelt es sich um eine retrospektive Analyse von 34 Patienten mit offenen distalen Tibiafrakturen nach Gustilo IIIB. Die Patienten wurden von Mai 2017 bis März 2022 mit der induzierten Membrantechnik und der verzögerten Rekonstruktion von 2 verschiedenen Perforator-Pedikel-Propellerklappen behandelt. Die Patienten wurden in 2 Gruppen eingeteilt, je nachdem, welche Art von Perforator-Pedikel-Propellerklappen für die Behandlung verwendet wurde. Die Operation umfasste 2 Phasen. 1. Stufe: Der Radiographic Union Score für Tibiafrakturen (RUST) wurde verwendet, um die Heilung des Tibiaknochendefekts zu beurteilen. 2. Stufe: Der Score der American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) wurde verwendet, um die Knöchelfunktion zu bewerten. Die mit der Technik verbundenen Komplikationen wurden entsprechend erfasst.

          Ergebnisse

          Die Anzahl der seriellen Debridements, mit Ausnahme derjenigen, die während der Notfall- und Abschlussoperationen durchgeführt wurden, betrug in der PAPF-Gruppe durchschnittlich 2,28 ± 0,83 und in der PTAPF-Gruppe 2,19 ± 0,83. Die PAPF-Gruppe hatte eine durchschnittliche Knochendefektlänge von 6,76 ± 0,69 cm, eine mediane Heilungszeit von 13,11 ± 0,96 Monaten, einen RUST-Score von 12,68 ± 1,63 und einen AOFAS-Score von 84,12 ± 6,38. Bei der PTAPF-Gruppe hingegen betrug die durchschnittliche Knochendefektlänge 6,73 ± 0,95 cm, die mediane Heilungszeit 12,63 ± 1,46 Monate, der RUST-Score 13,73 ± 1,53 und der AOFAS-Score 82,79 ± 5,49. Es wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Gruppen in Bezug auf die Anzahl der seriellen Débridements, die Länge des Knochendefekts, die Knochenaufbauzeit, den RUST-Score oder den AOFAS-Score beobachtet (p > 0,05). Die Klappengröße reichte von 9 × 6 cm 2 bis 14 × 7 cm 2 in der PAPF-Gruppe und von 9 × 6 cm 2 bis 13 × 7 cm 2 in der PTAPF-Gruppe. Es traten keine schwerwiegenden Komplikationen wie Lappenkomplikationen oder Amputationen auf. Die Unterschiede bei den Komplikationen in den beiden Gruppen waren statistisch nicht signifikant.

          Schlussfolgerung

          Die rekonstruktive Methode spielt bei schweren offenen Tibiafrakturen eine sehr wichtige Rolle. In Fällen, in denen eine verzögerte Rekonstruktion unumgänglich ist, sollte der Chirurg zunächst ein radikales Débridement durchführen, gefolgt von einer Vakuum-Drainage als Überbrückungstherapie. Schließlich können PAPF und PTAPF für eine definitive Weichteilabdeckung in Betracht gezogen werden.

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          Most cited references35

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          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Epidemiology of adult fractures: A review.

          The epidemiology of adult fractures is changing quickly. An analysis of 5953 fractures reviewed in a single orthopaedic trauma unit in 2000 showed that there are eight different fracture distribution curves into which all fractures can be placed. Only two fracture curves involve predominantly young patients; the other six show an increased incidence of fractures in older patients. It is popularly assumed that osteoporotic fractures are mainly seen in the thoracolumbar spine, proximal femur, proximal humerus and distal radius, but analysis of the data indicates that 14 different fractures should now be considered to be potentially osteoporotic. About 30% of fractures in men, 66% of fractures in women and 70% of inpatient fractures are potentially osteoporotic.
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            • Article: not found

            Early microsurgical reconstruction of complex trauma of the extremities.

            M Godina (1986)
            Five hundred and thirty-two patients underwent microsurgical reconstruction following trauma to their extremities. They were divided into three groups for the purpose of review. Group 1 underwent free-flap transfer within 72 hours of the injury, group 2 between 72 hours and 3 months of the injury, and group 3 between 3 months and 12.6 years, with a mean of 3.4 years. The results were analyzed with respect to flap failure, infection, bone-healing time, length of hospital stay, and number of operative procedures. The flap failure rate was 0.75 percent in group 1, 12 percent in group 2, and 9.5 percent in group 3 (p less than 0.0005 early versus delayed; p less than 0.0025 early versus late). Postoperative infection occurred in 1.5 percent of group 1, 17.5 percent of group 2, and 6 percent of group 3. Bone-healing time was 6.8 months in group 1, 12.3 months in group 2, and 29 months in group 3. The average length of total hospital stay was 27 days for group 1, 130 days for group 2, and 256 days for group 3. The number of operations averaged 1.3 for group 1, 4.1 for group 2, and 7.8 for group 3.
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              The concept of induced membrane for reconstruction of long bone defects.

              Clinical, experimental, and fundamental studies have shown the interest of a foreign body-induced membrane to promote the consolidation of a conventional cancellous bone autograft for reconstruction of long bone defects. The main properties of the membrane are to prevent the resorption of the graft and to secrete growth factors. The induced membrane appears as a biological chamber, which allows the conception of numerous experimental models of bone reconstruction. This concept could probably be extended to other tissue repair.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Z Orthop Unfall
                Z Orthop Unfall
                10.1055/s-00000099
                Z Orthop Unfall
                Zeitschrift Fur Orthopadie Und Unfallchirurgie
                Georg Thieme Verlag KG (Rüdigerstraße 14, 70469 Stuttgart, Germany )
                1864-6697
                1864-6743
                22 September 2023
                October 2024
                1 September 2023
                : 162
                : 5
                : 493-503
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Ringgold 533251, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China;
                [2 ]Ringgold 533251, Institute of Orthopaedics, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China;
                [3 ]Ringgold 533251, Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China;
                [4 ]Ringgold 533251, Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China;
                Author notes
                Correspondence Dr. Shuming Ye Ringgold 533251, Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Furong Road 678230601 HefeiChina yeshumingsuda@ 123456163.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0549-9368
                Article
                zorthop-2023-03-OA-05905
                10.1055/a-2151-5175
                11424166
                37739012
                86516522-3979-4bc2-9103-67494177863e
                The Author(s). This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial-License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License, which permits unrestricted reproduction and distribution, for non-commercial purposes only; and use and reproduction, but not distribution, of adapted material for non-commercial purposes only, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 19 March 2023
                : 01 August 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: Hefei Municipal Natural Science Foundation
                Award ID: 2021010
                Funded by: Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province Universities
                Award ID: KJ2020A0182
                Funded by: Clinical Research Cultivation Project of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
                Award ID: 2020LCYB07
                Funded by: Research Found of Anhui Institute of Translational Medicine
                Award ID: 2022zhyx-C55
                Categories
                Original Article

                open fracture,bone defect,induced membrane,flap transplantation,vacuum sealing drainage,offene fraktur,knochendefekt,induzierte membran,lappentransplantation,vakuum-drainage

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