Recent Advances in <i>Panax ginseng</i> C.A. Meyer as a Herb for Anti-Fatigue: An Effects and Mechanisms Review

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Abstract

As an ancient Chinese herbal medicine, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer ( P. ginseng) has been used both as food and medicine for nutrient supplements and treatment of human diseases in China for years. Fatigue, as a complex and multi-cause symptom, harms life from all sides. Millions worldwide suffer from fatigue, mainly caused by physical labor, mental stress, and chronic diseases. Multiple medicines, especially P. ginseng, were used for many patients or sub-healthy people who suffer from fatigue as a treatment or healthcare product. This review covers the extract and major components of P. ginseng with the function of anti-fatigue and summarizes the anti-fatigue effect of P. ginseng for different types of fatigue in animal models and clinical studies. In addition, the anti-fatigue mechanism of P. ginseng associated with enhancing energy metabolism, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity is discussed.

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Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L)

M. Herdman, C. Gudex, S Lloyd … (2011)

Purpose This article introduces the new 5-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L) health status measure. Methods EQ-5D currently measures health using three levels of severity in five dimensions. A EuroQol Group task force was established to find ways of improving the instrument’s sensitivity and reducing ceiling effects by increasing the number of severity levels. The study was performed in the United Kingdom and Spain. Severity labels for 5 levels in each dimension were identified using response scaling. Focus groups were used to investigate the face and content validity of the new versions, including hypothetical health states generated from those versions. Results Selecting labels at approximately the 25th, 50th, and 75th centiles produced two alternative 5-level versions. Focus group work showed a slight preference for the wording ‘slight-moderate-severe’ problems, with anchors of ‘no problems’ and ‘unable to do’ in the EQ-5D functional dimensions. Similar wording was used in the Pain/Discomfort and Anxiety/Depression dimensions. Hypothetical health states were well understood though participants stressed the need for the internal coherence of health states. Conclusions A 5-level version of the EQ-5D has been developed by the EuroQol Group. Further testing is required to determine whether the new version improves sensitivity and reduces ceiling effects.

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Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity.

Qiang Ma (2013)

Organismal life encounters reactive oxidants from internal metabolism and environmental toxicant exposure. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species cause oxidative stress and are traditionally viewed as being harmful. On the other hand, controlled production of oxidants in normal cells serves useful purposes to regulate signaling pathways. Reactive oxidants are counterbalanced by complex antioxidant defense systems regulated by a web of pathways to ensure that the response to oxidants is adequate for the body's needs. A recurrent theme in oxidant signaling and antioxidant defense is reactive cysteine thiol-based redox signaling. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is an emerging regulator of cellular resistance to oxidants. Nrf2 controls the basal and induced expression of an array of antioxidant response element-dependent genes to regulate the physiological and pathophysiological outcomes of oxidant exposure. This review discusses the impact of Nrf2 on oxidative stress and toxicity and how Nrf2 senses oxidants and regulates antioxidant defense.

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The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress.

Truyen Nguyen, Paul Nioi, Cecil B. Pickett (2009)

A major mechanism in the cellular defense against oxidative or electrophilic stress is activation of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway, which controls the expression of genes whose protein products are involved in the detoxication and elimination of reactive oxidants and electrophilic agents through conjugative reactions and by enhancing cellular antioxidant capacity. At the molecular level, however, the regulatory mechanisms involved in mediating Nrf2 activation are not fully understood. It is well established that Nrf2 activity is controlled, in part, by the cytosolic protein Keap1, but the nature of this pathway and the mechanisms by which Keap1 acts to repress Nrf2 activity remain to be fully characterized and are the topics of discussion in this minireview. In addition, a possible role of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element transcriptional pathway in neuroprotection will also be discussed.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Maria Eduardo-Figueira: Role: Academic Editor

João Rocha: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Foods

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Foods

Journal ID (publisher-id): foods

Title: Foods

Publisher: MDPI

ISSN (Electronic): 2304-8158

Publication date (Electronic): 10 May 2021

Publication date Collection: May 2021

Volume: 10

Issue: 5

Electronic Location Identifier: 1030

Affiliations

State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; lgy15253119716@ 123456163.com (G.L.); lzt1215524176@ 123456163.com (Z.L.); wangchunling@ 123456tust.edu.cn (C.W.)

Author notes

[* ]Correspondence: xuwang@ 123456tust.edu.cn ; Tel.: +86-022-60912421

Article

Publisher ID: foods-10-01030

DOI: 10.3390/foods10051030

PMC ID: 8151278

PubMed ID: 34068545

SO-VID: 8638c699-60a2-41aa-9eea-7ca07ce1310a

License:

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

History

Date received : 31 March 2021

Date accepted : 06 May 2021

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Recent Advances in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer as a Herb for Anti-Fatigue: An Effects and Mechanisms Review

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Most cited references 126

Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L)

Role of nrf2 in oxidative stress and toxicity.

The Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway and its activation by oxidative stress.

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