Influencia de factores maternos en el bajo peso al nacer <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Influence of Maternal Factors in Low Birth Weight </span>

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Abstract

El bajo peso al nacer ha constituido un enigma en la ciencia a través de los tiempos. Múltiples son las investigaciones realizadas sobre sus causas y consecuencias. Su importancia no solo radica en lo que significa en la morbilidad y la mortalidad infantil, sino que, estos niños presentan múltiples problemas con posterioridad. El Programa para la reducción del bajo peso al nacer señala que los niños nacidos con un peso inferior a los 2 500 g presentan riesgo de mortalidad catorce veces mayor durante el primer año de vida, en comparación con los niños que nacen con un peso normal a término. El bajo peso presenta diversas formas, así como, y múltiples factores de riesgos maternos como son: enfermedad hipertensiva del embarazo, anemia, desnutrición materna, ganancia insuficiente de peso y la vaginosis.

Translated abstract

The low birth weight has been an enigma in science through the ages. There are multiple researches about the causes and consequences of low birth weight. Its importance lies not only in what it means in morbidity and mortality, but these children usually have multiple problems later. The Program for the Reduction of Low Birth Weight indicates that children born weighing less than 2500 g are at risk of fourteen times higher mortality during the first year of life, compared with children born with normal weight term. Being underweight has different presentation forms, as well as multiple maternal risk factors such as: hypertensive disease of pregnancy, anemia, maternal malnutrition, poor weight gain and vaginosis.

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Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth

D Barker, C N Hales, C H D Fall … (1993)

Two follow-up studies were carried out to determine whether lower birthweight is related to the occurrence of syndrome X-Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. The first study included 407 men born in Hertfordshire, England between 1920 and 1930 whose weights at birth and at 1 year of age had been recorded by health visitors. The second study included 266 men and women born in Preston, UK, between 1935 and 1943 whose size at birth had been measured in detail. The prevalence of syndrome X fell progressively in both men and women, from those who had the lowest to those who had the highest birthweights. Of 64-year-old men whose birthweights were 2.95 kg (6.5 pounds) or less, 22% had syndrome X. Their risk of developing syndrome X was more than 10 times greater than that of men whose birthweights were more than 4.31 kg (9.5 pounds). The association between syndrome X and low birthweight was independent of duration of gestation and of possible confounding variables including cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and social class currently or at birth. In addition to low birthweight, subjects with syndrome X had small head circumference and low ponderal index at birth, and low weight and below-average dental eruption at 1 year of age. It is concluded that Type 2 diabetes and hypertension have a common origin in sub-optimal development in utero, and that syndrome X should perhaps be re-named "the small-baby syndrome".

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Causes of intrauterine growth restriction and the postnatal development of the metabolic syndrome.

George Mastorakos, Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner, George Valsamakis … (2006)

The term intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is assigned to newborns with a birth weight and/or birth length below the 10th percentile for their gestational age and whose abdominal circumference is below the 2.5th percentile with pathologic restriction of fetal growth. IUGR is usually due to maternal, fetal, or placental factors. However, many IUGR cases have unknown underlying cause. Recent studies focus on new factors that can influence fetal development and birth outcome like the timing and the type of fetal nutrition, maternal psychosocial stress and personality variables, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 placental activity, the activity of the neuroendocrine system that mediates the effects of psychosocial stress, and the role of proinflammatory cytokines and of oxidative stress. Data have shown that IUGR is associated with a late life increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, a condition associating obesity with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and cardiovascular disease. Recent data demonstrated that the diabetes-associated mortality appears to be disproportionately concentrated among individuals of abnormal birth weight.