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      Prevalence of HIV and Treponema pallidum infections in pregnant women in Campinas and their association with socio-demographic factors

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          Abstract

          The anonymous seroprevalence of HIV and syphilis was studied by collecting umbilical cord blood samples from 5,815 women who gave birth in Campinas' hospitals throughout a six-month period. ELISA and Western blot were used for HIV, and VDRL and TPHA for Treponema pallidum screening. While maintaining the anonymity of the women, information was recorded on the hospital of origin, divided into university (public) and private hospitals, as well as on the form of payment (social security, private insurance or direct payment), age, marital status, education, employment and place of residence. Seroprevalence was 0.42 percent for HIV and 1.16 percent for syphilis. There was a significant correlation between a positive reaction to the two infections (p=0.02). After univariate and logistic regression analysis, only university hospitals were shown to be associated with seropositivity for HIV, whereas the same variable and an older age were associated with syphilis. All positive reactions were found either in public hospitals or among social security patients treated at private institutions. The conclusion was that HIV infection is becoming almost as prevalent as syphilis among this population, and affects primarily the lower socio-economic strata. This suggests that routine, voluntary HIV serology should be considered and discussed with patients during prenatal or delivery care whenever a population shows a seroprevalence close to or greater than 1 percent.

          Translated abstract

          Estudou-se soroprevalência anônima para Vírus de Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) e sífilis através de coleta de sangue de cordão umbilical de 5.815 parturientes, em hospitais de Campinas, SP, por um período de seis meses. Foram utilizados testes de ELISA e "Western blot" para diagnóstico de infecção pelo HIV, e VDRL e TPHA para Treponema pallidum. Mantendo-se o anonimato, colheram-se informações sobre hospital de origem, dividido em universitário (público) e privado, forma de pagamento (seguro social, seguro particular e pagamento direto), idade, situação marital, escolaridade, ocupação e cidade de procedência. A soroprevalência para HIV foi 0,42 percent e para sífilis foi 1,16 percent. Foi encontrada associação entre ambas, isto é, maior prevalência da primeira nas amostras positivas para lues (p=0,02). Após análise por regressão logística, apenas o hospital universitário mostrou-se associado à soropositividade para HIV, e a mesma variável e maiores idades se relacionaram à sífilis. Todas as reações positivas para HIV foram encontradas em hospitais universitários ou em pacientes cujos partos foram pagos pelo SUS em hospitais privados. Concluiu-se que a prevalência de infecção pelo HIV está se aproximando daquela encontrada através de sorologia para sífilis, afetando pacientes de camadas socioeconômicas menos favorecidas. Sugere-se considerar a indicação de sorologia rotineira e consentida para HIV no pré-natal, quando a população mostrar prevalência de infecção próxima ou maior que 1 percent.

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          Most cited references48

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          Children born to women with HIV-1 infection: natural history and risk of transmission

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            Risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1.

            (1992)
            Children born to women known to be infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) before delivery were followed prospectively from birth in nineteen European centres. This analysis, encompassing the period end-December, 1984, to beginning-August, 1991, focuses on risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 infection. Rate of vertical transmission, based on 721 children born to 701 mothers more than 18 months before the time of analysis, was 14.4% (95% Cl 12.0-17.1%). Transmission was associated with maternal p24-antigenaemia and a CD4 count of less than 700/microliters. In a multivariate analysis, odds ratios of transmission were: 2.25 (95% Cl 0.97-5.23) in breastfed children vs never-breastfed children; 3.80 (1.62-8.91) in children born before 34 weeks' gestation; and 0.56 (0.30-1.04) in children delivered by caesarean section. Transmission was higher with vaginal deliveries in which episiotomy, scalp electrodes, forceps, or vacuum extractors were used, but only in centres where these procedures were not routine. On the basis of these results, HIV-infected women contemplating pregnancy should be counselled according to their immunological findings and, if they have p24-antigenaemia or a low CD4 count, warned of an increased risk of viral transmission. Caesarean deliveries may have a protective effect, although it is premature to recommend routine operative delivery. The mechanism for the higher infection rate in children born before 34 weeks' gestation is unclear, but could reflect inadequate passive or active immunity at that age, combined with substantial transmission during labour or delivery. The balance of evidence suggests that mothers with established infection can transmit HIV infection through breastmilk, although the relative importance of this route remains to be defined.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                spmj
                Sao Paulo Medical Journal
                Sao Paulo Med. J.
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM (São Paulo )
                1806-9460
                April 1996
                : 114
                : 2
                : 1108-1116
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual de Campinas Brazil
                Article
                S1516-31801996000200002
                10.1590/S1516-31801996000200002
                85b70624-3dd4-4dc4-a522-72b84dc16e84

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1516-3180&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV,prevalence women,gestation,Umbilical cord blood
                Internal medicine
                Human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, prevalence women, gestation, Umbilical cord blood

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