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      Astragalus polysaccharides-induced gut microbiota play a predominant role in enhancing of intestinal barrier function of broiler chickens

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          Abstract

          Background

          The intestinal barrier is the first line of defense against intestinal invasion by pathogens and foreign antigens and is closely associated with the gut microbiota. Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) have a long history of use in traditional Chinese medicine owing to its protective properties against intestinal barrier function. The mechanism of APS-induced gut microbiota enhancing intestinal barrier function is urgently needed.

          Results

          Dietary polysaccharide deprivation induced intestinal barrier dysfunction, decreased growth performance, altered microbial composition ( Faecalibacterium, Dorea, and Coprobacillus), and reduced isobutyrate concentration. The results showed that APS facilitates intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens, including a thicker mucus layer, reduced crypt depth, and the growth of tight junction proteins. We studied the landscape of APS-induced gut microbiota and found that APS selectively promoted the growth of Parabacteroides, a commensal bacterium that plays a predominant role in enhancing intestinal barrier function. An in vitro growth assay further verified that APS selectively increased the abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis and Bacteroides uniformis. Dietary APS supplementation increased the concentrations of isobutyrate and bile acid (mainly chenodeoxycholic acid and deoxycholate acid) and activated signaling pathways related to intestinal barrier function (such as protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, tight junctions, and adherens junction signaling pathways).

          Conclusions

          APS intervention restored the dietary polysaccharide-induced dysfunction of the intestinal barrier by selectively promoting the abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis, and increasing the concentrations of isobutyrate and bile acids (mainly CDCA and DCA). These findings suggest that APS-induced gut microbiota and metabolic niches are promising strategies for enhancing intestinal barrier function.

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          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40104-024-01060-1.

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          A Dietary Fiber-Deprived Gut Microbiota Degrades the Colonic Mucus Barrier and Enhances Pathogen Susceptibility.

          Mahesh S. Desai, Anna M. Seekatz, Nicole M. Koropatkin … (2016)
          Despite the accepted health benefits of consuming dietary fiber, little is known about the mechanisms by which fiber deprivation impacts the gut microbiota and alters disease risk. Using a gnotobiotic mouse model, in which animals were colonized with a synthetic human gut microbiota composed of fully sequenced commensal bacteria, we elucidated the functional interactions between dietary fiber, the gut microbiota, and the colonic mucus barrier, which serves as a primary defense against enteric pathogens. We show that during chronic or intermittent dietary fiber deficiency, the gut microbiota resorts to host-secreted mucus glycoproteins as a nutrient source, leading to erosion of the colonic mucus barrier. Dietary fiber deprivation, together with a fiber-deprived, mucus-eroding microbiota, promotes greater epithelial access and lethal colitis by the mucosal pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. Our work reveals intricate pathways linking diet, the gut microbiome, and intestinal barrier dysfunction, which could be exploited to improve health using dietary therapeutics.
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            Intestinal epithelial cells: regulators of barrier function and immune homeostasis.

            Lance W. Peterson, David Artis (2014)
            The abundance of innate and adaptive immune cells that reside together with trillions of beneficial commensal microorganisms in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract requires barrier and regulatory mechanisms that conserve host-microbial interactions and tissue homeostasis. This homeostasis depends on the diverse functions of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which include the physical segregation of commensal bacteria and the integration of microbial signals. Hence, IECs are crucial mediators of intestinal homeostasis that enable the establishment of an immunological environment permissive to colonization by commensal bacteria. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of how IECs maintain host-commensal microbial relationships and immune cell homeostasis in the intestine.
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              Mucus barrier, mucins and gut microbiota: the expected slimy partners?

              Paola Paone, Patrice Cani (2020)
              The gastrointestinal tract is often considered as a key organ involved in the digestion of food and providing nutrients to the body for proper maintenance. However, this system is composed of organs that are extremely complex. Among the different parts, the intestine is viewed as an incredible surface of contact with the environment and is colonised by hundreds of trillions of gut microbes. The role of the gut barrier has been studied for decades, but the exact mechanisms involved in the protection of the gut barrier are various and complementary. Among them, the integrity of the mucus barrier is one of the first lines of protection of the gastrointestinal tract. In the past, this ‘slimy’ partner was mostly considered a simple lubricant for facilitating the progression of the food bolus and the stools in the gut. Since then, different researchers have made important progress, and currently, the regulation of this mucus barrier is gaining increasing attention from the scientific community. Among the factors influencing the mucus barrier, the microbiome plays a major role in driving mucus changes. Additionally, our dietary habits (ie, high-fat diet, low-fibre/high-fibre diet, food additives, pre- probiotics) influence the mucus at different levels. Given that the mucus layer has been linked with the appearance of diseases, proper knowledge is highly warranted. Here, we debate different aspects of the mucus layer by focusing on its chemical composition, regulation of synthesis and degradation by the microbiota as well as some characteristics of the mucus layer in both physiological and pathological situations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bin Yao: yaobin@caas.cn
                Xiaojun Yang: yangxj@nwsuaf.edu.cn
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Anim Sci Biotechnol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Anim Sci Biotechnol
                Title: Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Print): 1674-9782
                ISSN (Electronic): 2049-1891
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 August 2024
                Publication date PMC-release: 6 August 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 106
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, ( https://ror.org/0051rme32) Yangling, Shaanxi China
                [2 ]GRID grid.410727.7, ISNI 0000 0001 0526 1937, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, , Chinese Academy of Agriculture Science, ; Beijing, China
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1060
                DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01060-1
                PMC ID: 11302362
                PubMed ID: 39103958
                SO-VID: 8588c717-315b-4acc-8592-2dfba5844f0d
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2024
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                Date received : 19 March 2024
                Date accepted : 6 June 2024
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809, National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Award ID: 32272916
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: National key Research & Development Program of China
                Award ID: 2023YFD1301400
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: the Program for Shaanxi Science & Technology from Shaanxi Provincial Science and Technology Department
                Award ID: 2022GD-TSLD-46-0302
                Award ID: 2023KXJ-243
                Award ID: 2023GXJS-02-01
                Award ID: K3031223075
                Award ID: L2022-QCYZX-NY-004
                Award ID: 2021TD-30
                Award ID: 019HBGC-16
                Award ID: 2019ZDXM3-02
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: the Yongjiang Innovative Research Team
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine 2024

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: astragalus polysaccharides,broiler,gut microbiota,intestinal barrier function
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: astragalus polysaccharides, broiler, gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function

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