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      Bio-soft matter derived from traditional Chinese medicine: Characterizations of hierarchical structure, assembly mechanism, and beyond

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          Abstract

          Structural and functional explorations on bio-soft matter such as micelles, vesicles, nanoparticles, aggregates or polymers derived from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has emerged as a new topic in the field of TCM. The discovery of such cross-scaled bio-soft matter may provide a unique perspective for unraveling the new effective material basis of TCM as well as developing innovative medicine and biomaterials. Despite the rapid rise of TCM-derived bio-soft matter, their hierarchical structure and assembly mechanism must be unambiguously probed for a further in-depth understanding of their pharmacological activity. In this review, the current emerged TCM-derived bio-soft matter assembled from either small molecules or macromolecules is introduced, and particularly the unambiguous elucidation of their hierarchical structure and assembly mechanism with combined electron microscopic and spectroscopic techniques is depicted. The pros and cons of each technique are also discussed. The future challenges and perspective of TCM-derived bio-soft matter are outlined, particularly the requirement for their precise in situ structural determination is highlighted.

          Graphical abstract

          The TCM-derived bio-soft matter assembled from either small molecules or macromolecules is introduced, and particularly the unambiguous elucidation of their hierarchical structure and assembly mechanism with combined electron microscopic and spectroscopic techniques will be depicted, facilitating the research advance of TCM-derived bio-soft matter.

          Highlights

          • •

            Bio-soft matter such as micelles, vesicles, etc., were revealed as the new material basis of TCM.

          • •

            The structural hierarchy of TCM-derived bio-soft matter requires cross-scaled characterizations.

          • •

            The rise of TCM-derived bio-soft matter will offer new prospects for high-quality development of TCM.

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          Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials

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          In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping address fundamental questions about the mechanisms or the consequences of the self-assembly of molecules, including low molecular weight ones. Finally, we provide a perspective on supramolecular hydrogelators. We hope that this review will serve as an updated introduction and reference for researchers who are interested in exploring supramolecular hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials for addressing the societal needs at various frontiers.
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            Plant-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs Shape the Gut Microbiota

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            The gut microbiota can be altered by dietary interventions to prevent and treat various diseases. However, the mechanisms by which food products modulate commensals remain largely unknown. We demonstrate that plant-derived e xosomes- l ike n anoparticles (ELNs) are taken up by the gut microbiota and contain RNAs that alter microbiome composition and host physiology. Ginger ELNs (GELNs) are preferentially taken up by Lactobacillaceae in a GELN lipid-dependent manner and contain microRNAs that target various genes in Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG). Among these, GELN mdo-miR7267-3p-mediated targeting of the LGG monooxygenase ycnE yields increased indole-3-carboxaldehyde (I3A). GELN RNAs or I3A, a ligand for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), are sufficient to induce production of IL-22, which is linked to barrier function improvement. These functions of GELN RNAs can ameliorate mouse colitis via IL-22-dependent mechanisms. These findings reveal how plant products and their effects on the microbiome may be used to target specific host processes to alleviate disease. Teng et al. show that exosomes-like nanoparticles (ELNs) from edible plants such as ginger are preferentially taken up by gut bacteria in an ELN lipid dependent manner. ELN RNAs regulate gut microbiota composition and localization as well as host physiology, notably enhancing gut barrier function to alleviate colitis.
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              The results obtained in this study establish that liposome formulations incorporating a synthetic polyethylene glycol-derivatized phospholipid have a pronounced effect on liposome tissue distribution and can produce a large increase in the pharmacological efficacy of encapsulated antitumor drugs. This effect is substantially greater than that observed previously with conventional liposomes and is associated with a more than 5-fold prolongation of liposome circulation time in blood, a marked decrease in uptake by tissues such as liver and spleen, and a corresponding increased accumulation in implanted tumors. These and other properties described here have expanded considerably the prospects of liposomes as an effective carrier system for a variety of pharmacologically active macromolecules.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Quan Li
                Shuangcheng Ma
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Pharm Anal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Pharm Anal
                Title: Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis
                Publisher: Xi'an Jiaotong University
                ISSN (Print): 2095-1779
                ISSN (Electronic): 2214-0883
                Publication date PMC-release: 07 February 2024
                Publication date (Print): June 2024
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 February 2024
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 6
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100943
                Affiliations
                [a ]School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
                [b ]Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, China
                [c ]Tianjin Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Substance of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
                [d ]Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. quanli85@ 123456tjutcm.edu.cn
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China. masc@ 123456nifdc.org.cn
                [1]

                Both authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2095-1779(24)00031-5 Publisher ID: 100943
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2024.01.011
                PMC ID: 11246065
                PubMed ID: 39005842
                SO-VID: 8584c9ed-ffa0-4aa4-9e9e-9259cc0cfced
                Copyright © © 2024 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 2 October 2023
                Date revision received : 3 January 2024
                Date accepted : 31 January 2024
                Categories
                Subject: Review Paper

                Keywords: electron microscopy,spectroscopy,traditional chinese medicine,bio-soft matter,structural characterization
                Data availability:
                Keywords: electron microscopy, spectroscopy, traditional chinese medicine, bio-soft matter, structural characterization

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