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      Is social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic a risk factor for depression? Translated title: ¿Sería el aislamiento social durante la pandemia de COVID-19 un factor de riesgo para depresión? Translated title: Seria o isolamento social durante a pandemia de COVID-19 um fator de risco para depressão?

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Objective: To assess factors associated with depression among higher education students and professionals during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. 550 students and professionals participated. The data were collected by means of a digital questionnaire that included Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to assess depressive symptoms. Results: The factors related to depression and social isolation outcomes were significantly associated with the female gender (n= 149; 37,8%; Odds Ratio OR=2,0), white (n=127; 37,2%; OR=1,60), young people (n=130; 39,4%; OR=2,0), without religion (n=70; 40,2%; OR=1,64), with financial problems (n=80; 53,0%; OR=2,40) and family problems (n=98; 47,3%; OR=1,77); who suffered violence during the quarantine (n=28; 58,3%; OR=2,33), increased the use of illicit drugs (n=16; 59,3%; OR=2,69), used sedatives without a medical prescription (n=75; 54,0%; OR=2,94), lived in conflicting relationships (n=33; 54,1%;OR=2,14), lost their job during the pandemic (n=32; 59,3%; OR=1,99) and presented symptoms of anxiety related to COVID-19 (n=155; 45,2%; OR=3,91). Conclusion: there is a meaningful relationship between vulnerability and adopting risk behaviors during the pandemic-imposed social isolation with depressive symptoms. We suggest that health professionals be attentive to the need to adjust their psychosocial interventions when promoting strategies when promoting strategies to mitigate the effects and risks to mental health.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los factores asociados a la depresión entre estudiantes y profesionales de nivel superior durante el pico de la pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudio cuantitativo con delineamiento transversal. Participaron 550 estudiantes y profesionales. Los datos fueron obtenidos por medio de un cuestionario digital, que incluía el Patient Health Questionnaire-9 para evaluación de síntomas depresivos. Resultados: Los factores relacionados a la depresión y los resultados del aislamiento social fueron significativamente asociados al sexo femenino (n= 149; 37,8%; Odds Ratio OR=2,0), raza blanca (n=127; 37,2%; OR=1,60), jóvenes (n=130; 39,4%; OR=2,0), sin religión (n=70; 40,2%; OR=1,64), con problemas financieros (n=80; 53,0%; OR=2,40) y familiares (n=98; 47,3%; OR=1,77); que sufrieron violencia durante la cuarentena (n=28; 58,3%; OR=2,33), aumentaron el uso de drogas ilícitas (n=16; 59,3%; OR=2,69), consumieron sedativos sin prescripción médica (n=75; 54,0%; OR=2,94), vivieron relaciones conflictivas (n=33; 54,1%;OR=2,14), perdieron el empleo en la pandemia (n=32; 59,3%; OR=1,99) y presentaron síntomas de ansiedad relacionado al COVID-19(n=155; 45,2%; OR=3,91). Conclusión: Hay una relación significativa entre vulnerabilidad y adopción de comportamientos de riesgo durante el aislamiento social impuesto por la pandemia con síntomas depresivos. Sugerimos que los profesionales de la salud estén atentos ante la necesidad de ajustar sus intervenciones psicosociales al promover estrategias para mitigar los efectos y riesgos para la salud mental.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores associados à depressão entre estudantes e profissionais de nível superior durante o pico da pandemia de COVID-19. Método: estudo quantitativo com delineamento transversal. Participaram 550 estudantes e profissionais. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário digital, que incluía o Patient Health Questionnaire-9 para avaliação de sintomas depressivos. Resultados: Os fatores relacionados à depressão e os desfechos do isolamento social foram significantemente associados ao sexo feminino (n=149; 37,8%; Odds Ratio OR=2,0), raça branca (n=127; 37,2%; OR=1,60), jovens (n=130; 39,4%; OR=2,0), sem religião (n=70; 40,2%; OR=1,64), com problemas financeiros (n=80; 53,0%; OR=2,40) e familiares (n=98; 47,3%; OR=1,77), que sofreram violência durante a quarentena (n=28; 58,3%; OR=2,33), aumentaram o uso de drogas ilícitas (n=16; 59,3%; OR=2,69), consumiram sedativos sem prescrição médica (n=75; 54,0%; OR=2,94), vivenciaram relacionamentos conflituosos (n=33; 54,1%;OR=2,14), perderam o emprego na pandemia (n=32; 59,3%; OR=1,99) e apresentaram sintomas de ansiedade relacionada à COVID-19 (n=155; 45,2%; OR=3,91). Conclusão: há uma relação significativa entre vulnerabilidade e adoção de comportamentos de risco durante o isolamento social imposto pela pandemia com sintomas depressivos. Sugerimos que os profissionais de saúde estejam atentos para a necessidade de ajustar suas intervenções psicossociais ao promoverem estratégias para mitigar os efeitos e riscos à saúde mental.

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          Most cited references44

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          The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure.

          While considerable attention has focused on improving the detection of depression, assessment of severity is also important in guiding treatment decisions. Therefore, we examined the validity of a brief, new measure of depression severity. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) is a self-administered version of the PRIME-MD diagnostic instrument for common mental disorders. The PHQ-9 is the depression module, which scores each of the 9 DSM-IV criteria as "0" (not at all) to "3" (nearly every day). The PHQ-9 was completed by 6,000 patients in 8 primary care clinics and 7 obstetrics-gynecology clinics. Construct validity was assessed using the 20-item Short-Form General Health Survey, self-reported sick days and clinic visits, and symptom-related difficulty. Criterion validity was assessed against an independent structured mental health professional (MHP) interview in a sample of 580 patients. As PHQ-9 depression severity increased, there was a substantial decrease in functional status on all 6 SF-20 subscales. Also, symptom-related difficulty, sick days, and health care utilization increased. Using the MHP reinterview as the criterion standard, a PHQ-9 score > or =10 had a sensitivity of 88% and a specificity of 88% for major depression. PHQ-9 scores of 5, 10, 15, and 20 represented mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Results were similar in the primary care and obstetrics-gynecology samples. In addition to making criteria-based diagnoses of depressive disorders, the PHQ-9 is also a reliable and valid measure of depression severity. These characteristics plus its brevity make the PHQ-9 a useful clinical and research tool.
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            The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

            Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
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              Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019

              Key Points Question What factors are associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers in China who are treating patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in multiple regions of China, a considerable proportion of health care workers reported experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress, especially women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers directly engaged in diagnosing, treating, or providing nursing care to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Meaning These findings suggest that, among Chinese health care workers exposed to COVID-19, women, nurses, those in Wuhan, and front-line health care workers have a high risk of developing unfavorable mental health outcomes and may need psychological support or interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                reben
                Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem
                Rev. Bras. Enferm.
                Associação Brasileira de Enfermagem (Brasília, DF, Brazil )
                0034-7167
                1984-0446
                2022
                : 75
                : suppl 1
                : e20210594
                Affiliations
                [2] Birmingham orgnameUniversity of Birmingham United Kingdom
                [1] Ribeirão Preto orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0034-71672022000300214 S0034-7167(22)07500000214
                10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0594
                84e03c35-6c4d-42c9-810c-bb5176a50455

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 November 2021
                : 17 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 45, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Revista de Enfermagem


                Pandemias,Saúde Mental,Isolamento Social,Depressão,COVID-19,Pandemics,Mental Health,Social Isolation,Depression,Salud Mental,Aislamiento Social,Depresión

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