A review of clostridial diseases in rhinoceroses – ScienceOpen
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      A review of clostridial diseases in rhinoceroses

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          Abstract

          Although rhinoceros conservation efforts are focused on anti‐poaching and combating wildlife trade, infectious diseases are an increasing threat to both free‐ranging and captive rhinoceros populations. Among these, clostridial infections with Clostridium perfringens, Paeniclostridium sordellii, and Clostridium novyi have caused acute disease in black and white rhinoceroses, characterized by a high mortality rate within very brief time spans. The acute nature, as well as limited knowledge of epidemiology, diagnosis, and management, make clostridial diseases an important threat to rhinoceros conservation. This article reviews historical cases of clostridial disease in rhinoceros with the aim of formulating a clearer understanding of the disease's epidemiology and using this information to make recommendations for its management in free‐ranging rhinoceroses. Acute colic and sudden death in rhinoceroses, together with necropsy findings of segmental hemorrhagic enteritis, should lead towards a tentative diagnosis of enteric clostridial disease, although detection and identification of specific toxins are required for a definitive diagnosis. Our findings indicate the need for further research into clostridial disease dynamics in wildlife species and provide the basis for this research in rhinoceroses.

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              Maternal Immunological Adaptation During Normal Pregnancy

              The risk and severity of specific infections are increased during pregnancy due to a combination of physiological and immunological changes. Characterizing the maternal immune system during pregnancy is important to understand how the maternal immune system maintains tolerance towards the allogeneic fetus. This may also inform strategies to prevent maternal fatalities due to infections and optimize maternal vaccination to best protect the mother-fetus dyad and the infant after birth. In this review, we describe what is known about the immunological changes that occur during a normal pregnancy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                Conservation Science and Practice
                Conservat Sci and Prac
                Wiley
                2578-4854
                2578-4854
                March 2023
                February 17 2023
                March 2023
                : 5
                : 3
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Global Health Program Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute Washington, DC USA
                [2 ] Mpala Research Centre Nanyuki Kenya
                [3 ] Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health New Haven Connecticut USA
                [4 ] Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Private Bag X1 Stellenbosch South Africa
                [5 ] Veterinary Services Department Kenya Wildlife Service Nairobi Kenya
                Article
                10.1111/csp2.12906
                842b1ca6-6fc0-4151-b5c2-a00d5998a3a8
                © 2023

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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