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      Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain: Revised consensus statement from the Canadian Pain Society

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          Abstract

          Neuropathic pain is defined as a lesion or disease of the somatosensory system, and may involve the central or peripheral nervous systems. Treatment of neuropathic pain is a challenge for clinicians involved in affected patients' care. In 2007, the first guidelines for the treatment of neuropathic pain in the Canadian context were produced by the Canadian Pain Society. This update to these guidelines incorporates new evidence published since the first guidelines were released.

          Abstract

          BACKGROUND:

          Neuropathic pain (NeP), redefined as pain caused by a lesion or a disease of the somatosensory system, is a disabling condition that affects approximately two million Canadians.

          OBJECTIVE:

          To review the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews related to the pharmacological management of NeP to develop a revised evidence-based consensus statement on its management.

          METHODS:

          RCTs, systematic reviews and existing guidelines on the pharmacological management of NeP were evaluated at a consensus meeting in May 2012 and updated until September 2013. Medications were recommended in the consensus statement if their analgesic efficacy was supported by at least one methodologically sound RCT (class I or class II) showing significant benefit relative to placebo or another relevant control group. Recommendations for treatment were based on the degree of evidence of analgesic efficacy, safety and ease of use.

          RESULTS:

          Analgesic agents recommended for first-line treatments are gabapentinoids (gabapentin and pregabalin), tricyclic antidepressants and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors. Tramadol and controlled-release opioid analgesics are recommended as second-line treatments for moderate to severe pain. Cannabinoids are now recommended as third-line treatments. Recommended fourth-line treatments include methadone, anticonvulsants with lesser evidence of efficacy (eg, lamotrigine, lacos-amide), tapentadol and botulinum toxin. There is support for some analgesic combinations in selected NeP conditions.

          CONCLUSIONS:

          These guidelines provide an updated, stepwise approach to the pharmacological management of NeP. Treatment should be individualized for each patient based on efficacy, side-effect profile and drug accessibility, including cost. Additional studies are required to examine head-to-head comparisons among analgesics, combinations of analgesics, long-term outcomes and treatment of pediatric, geriatric and central NeP.

          Translated abstract

          HISTORIQUE :

          La douleur neuropathique (DNe), redéfinie comme une douleur causée par une lésion ou une maladie du système somatosensoriel, est un trouble invalidant dont sont affligés environ deux millions de Canadiens.

          OBJECTIF :

          Examiner les essais aléatoires et contrôlés (EAC) et les analyses systématiques liées à la prise en charge pharmacologique de la DNe pour préparer une déclaration de consensus révisée, fondée sur des faits probants, à l’égard de sa prise en charge.

          MÉTHODOLOGIE :

          Les EAC, les analyses systématiques et les lignes directrices sur la prise en charge pharmacologique de la DNe ont été évaluées lors d’une réunion de consensus en mai 2012, puis mises à jour en septembre 2013. Les médicaments étaient recommandés dans le document de consensus si leur efficacité analgésique était soutenue par au moins une EAC solide sur le plan méthodologique (classe I ou II), qui démontrait des avantages marqués par rapport à un placebo ou à un autre groupe témoin pertinent. Les recommandations thérapeutiques reposaient sur la qualité des preuves d’efficacité analgésique, d’innocuité et de facilité d’utilisation.

          RÉSULTATS :

          Les analgésiques recommandés pour le traitement de première intention sont les gabapentinoïdes (gabapentine et prégabaline), les antidépresseurs tricycliques et les inhibiteurs spécifiques du recaptage de la sérotonine et de la noradrénaline. Le tramadol et les opioïdes à libération contrôlée sont recommandés en deuxième intention pour la douleur modérée à grave. Les cannabinoïdes sont désormais recommandés en troisième intention, tandis que la méthadone, les anticonvulsivants dont l’efficacité est moins attestée (p. ex., lamotrigine, lacosamide), le tapentadol et la toxine botulique sont recommandés en quatrième intention. Certaines polythérapies analgésiques sont acceptées pour traiter des troubles de DNe particuliers.

          CONCLUSIONS :

          Ces lignes directrices fournissent une démarche mise à jour et graduelle pour la prise en charge pharmacologique de la DNe. Le traitement devrait être personnalisé en fonction de chaque patient, compte tenu de l’efficacité, du profil d’effets secondaires et de l’accessibilité du médicament, y compris son coût. D’autres études s’imposent pour faire des comparaisons directes entre analgésiques et examiner des combinaisons d’analgésiques, les résultats à long terme et le traitement de la DNe en pédiatrie, de la DNe en gériatrie et de la DNe centrale.

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          Most cited references66

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          Chi-Square Tests for Goodness of Fit and Contingency Tables

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            Effect of duloxetine on pain, function, and quality of life among patients with chemotherapy-induced painful peripheral neuropathy: a randomized clinical trial.

            There are no known effective treatments for painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. To determine the effect of duloxetine, 60 mg daily, on average pain severity. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial at 8 National Cancer Institute (NCI)-funded cooperative research networks that enrolled 231 patients who were 25 years or older being treated at community and academic settings between April 2008 and March 2011. Study follow-up was completed July 2012. Stratified by chemotherapeutic drug and comorbid pain risk, patients were randomized to receive either duloxetine followed by placebo or placebo followed by duloxetine. Eligibility required that patients have grade 1 or higher sensory neuropathy according to the NCI Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events and at least 4 on a scale of 0 to 10, representing average chemotherapy-induced pain, after paclitaxel, other taxane, or oxaliplatin treatment. The initial treatment consisted of taking 1 capsule daily of either 30 mg of duloxetine or placebo for the first week and 2 capsules of either 30 mg of duloxetine or placebo daily for 4 additional weeks. The primary hypothesis was that duloxetine would be more effective than placebo in decreasing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain severity was assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form "average pain" item with 0 representing no pain and 10 representing as bad as can be imagined. Individuals receiving duloxetine as their initial 5-week treatment reported a mean decrease in average pain of 1.06 (95% CI, 0.72-1.40) vs 0.34 (95% CI, 0.01-0.66) among those who received placebo (P = .003; effect size, 0.513). The observed mean difference in the average pain score between duloxetine and placebo was 0.73 (95% CI, 0.26-1.20). Fifty-nine percent of those initially receiving duloxetine vs 38% of those initially receiving placebo reported decreased pain of any amount. Among patients with painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, the use of duloxetine compared with placebo for 5 weeks resulted in a greater reduction in pain. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00489411.
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              Algorithm for neuropathic pain treatment: an evidence based proposal.

              New studies of the treatment of neuropathic pain have increased the need for an updated review of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials to support an evidence based algorithm to treat neuropathic pain conditions. Available studies were identified using a MEDLINE and EMBASE search. One hundred and five studies were included. Numbers needed to treat (NNT) and numbers needed to harm (NNH) were used to compare efficacy and safety of the treatments in different neuropathic pain syndromes. The quality of each trial was assessed. Tricyclic antidepressants and the anticonvulsants gabapentin and pregabalin were the most frequently studied drug classes. In peripheral neuropathic pain, the lowest NNT was for tricyclic antidepressants, followed by opioids and the anticonvulsants gabapentin and pregabalin. For central neuropathic pain there is limited data. NNT and NNH are currently the best way to assess relative efficacy and safety, but the need for dichotomous data, which may have to be estimated retrospectively for old trials, and the methodological complexity of pooling data from small cross-over and large parallel group trials, remain as limitations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Pain Res Manag
                Pain Res Manag
                PGI
                Pain Research & Management : The Journal of the Canadian Pain Society
                Pulsus Group Inc
                1203-6765
                1918-1523
                Nov-Dec 2014
                : 19
                : 6
                : 328-335
                Author notes

                Author affiliations are presented in Appendix B

                Correspondence: Dr Dwight Moulin, Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Victoria Hospital, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, Ontario N6A 5W9. Telephone 519-685-8661, fax 519-685-8636, e-mail dwight.moulin@ 123456lhsc.on.ca
                Article
                prm-19-328
                10.1155/2014/754693
                4273712
                25479151
                839c6693-853e-4afa-8140-e5358fc18acd
                © 2014, Pulsus Group Inc. All rights reserved

                This open-access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (CC BY-NC) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits reuse, distribution and reproduction of the article, provided that the original work is properly cited and the reuse is restricted to noncommercial purposes. For commercial reuse, contact support@ 123456pulsus.com

                History
                Categories
                Consensus Statement

                analgesic agents,neuropathic pain,randomized controlled trials

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