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      Assessment of the psychological impact of dental aesthetics among undergraduate university students in Iraq

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          Abstract

          AIM:

          This study aimed to assess Iraqi university students’ oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) according to sociodemographic variables and compare dental and non-dental students.

          METHODS:

          A cross-sectional study was carried out for students in multiple Iraqi universities from June 15, 2022, to July 15, 2022. A total of 771 individuals participated in the study using an online questionnaire. A pre-tested and validated Arabic version of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) was adopted as an evaluation tool. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Reliability analysis was conducted using Cronbach's alpha.

          RESULT:

          Cronbach's alpha score for the overall scales was 0.942, indicating excellent internal consistency. There were 69.8% (n = 538) dental students in the total sample. A significant difference was found between dental and non-dental students in the total PIDAQ scores and other subscale domains (P < 0.05). Statistically significant differences in means were also noted in the residency (P = 0.005) and household income of students (P = 0.000).

          CONCLUSIONS:

          This study shows the reliability of the PIDAQ scale for assessing the psychological impact of dental aesthetics on undergraduate Iraqis. It was found that the perception of OHRQoL varies between dental and non-dental university students, and according to socioeconomic status and residency.

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          Development of a questionnaire for assessment of the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics in young adults.

          Ulrich Klages, Nadine Claus, Andrej Zentner … (2006)
          The aim of this study was to develop a psychometric instrument for assessment of orthodontic-specific aspects of quality of life. The study subjects, 194 young adults aged 18-30 years, were interviewed using a pool of 23 items dealing with the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics. Self- and interviewer-rating of the dental aesthetic appearance of each subject were carried out using the Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). Additionally, the Perception of Occlusion Scale and a modification of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) were applied. Factorial analyses identified four measures within the item pool, namely Dental Self-Confidence, Social Impact, Psychological Impact, and Aesthetic Concern. The factor structure was confirmed in an independent sample of 83 subjects aged 18-33 years. The reliabilities of the factor analysis-derived scales were between alpha (alpha) 0.85 and 0.91. They differed between respondents with varying severity of malocclusion, as assessed by subject and interviewer ratings. The results suggest that the proposed instrument, termed the 'Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire' (PIDAQ), meets the criteria of factorial stability across samples and criterion-related validity and reliability, and might be a promising tool for further research and clinical application in orthodontics.
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            The Interplay between Socioeconomic Inequalities and Clinical Oral Health

            J. Steele, J. Shen, G. Tsakos … (2015)
            Oral health inequalities associated with socioeconomic status are widely observed but may depend on the way that both oral health and socioeconomic status are measured. Our aim was to investigate inequalities using diverse indicators of oral health and 4 socioeconomic determinants, in the context of age and cohort. Multiple linear or logistic regressions were estimated for 7 oral health measures representing very different outcomes (2 caries prevalence measures, decayed/missing/filled teeth, 6-mm pockets, number of teeth, anterior spaces, and excellent oral health) against 4 socioeconomic measures (income, education, Index of Multiple Deprivation, and occupational social class) for adults aged ≥21 y in the 2009 UK Adult Dental Health Survey data set. Confounders were adjusted and marginal effects calculated. The results showed highly variable relationships for the different combinations of variables and that age group was critical, with different relationships at different ages. There were significant income inequalities in caries prevalence in the youngest age group, marginal effects of 0.10 to 0.18, representing a 10- to 18-percentage point increase in the probability of caries between the wealthiest and every other quintile, but there was not a clear gradient across the quintiles. With number of teeth as an outcome, there were significant income gradients after adjustment in older groups, up to 4.5 teeth (95% confidence interval, 2.2-6.8) between richest and poorest but none for the younger groups. For periodontal disease, income inequalities were mediated by other socioeconomic variables and smoking, while for anterior spaces, the relationships were age dependent and complex. In conclusion, oral health inequalities manifest in different ways in different age groups, representing age and cohort effects. Income sometimes has an independent relationship, but education and area of residence are also contributory. Appropriate choices of measures in relation to age are fundamental if we are to understand and address inequalities.
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              Impact of malocclusion on oral health related quality of life in young people

              Yaghma Masood, Mohd Masood, Nurul Zainul … (2013)
              Background The objectives for this study were to assess Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) in young people aged 15–25 who sought orthodontic treatment, and to measure the association between orthodontic treatment need (using the IOTN), sex, age and education level, and oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL). Methods Survey of a consecutive series of 323 young adults aged 15 to 25 years, attending orthodontic clinics at the Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA. Participants completed the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) and had a clinical examination including the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need- Dental Health Component (IOTN-DHC). Data analyses included descriptive statistics, One-way ANOVA and bivariate and multivariate regression models. Results The mean overall score (± SD) for OHIP-14 in young people aged 15–25 was 22.6 ± 12.5. The psychological discomfort domain was the domain where highest impact was recorded with a mean (± SD) of 4.0 ± 1.9. The regression analyses showed a significant association of IOTN-DHC with overall OHIP-14 score (p < 0.05). Although females reported a slightly higher impact than males, this was not significant in both bivariate and multivariate analyses. Age group had a significant negative association with overall OHIP-14 score (p < 0.05). The 15–18 year old group showed the highest impact on their quality of life due to malocclusion. Participants with a university education report a significantly higher impact on OHRQoL as compared to participants with only secondary education. Conclusion Malocclusion has a significant negative impact on OHRQoL and its domains. This is greatest for the psychological discomfort domain. Younger people and those with a university education report higher levels of impact. There was no reported difference in impact between male and females.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Orthod Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Orthod Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JOS
                Title: Journal of Orthodontic Science
                Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )
                ISSN (Print): 2278-1897
                ISSN (Electronic): 2278-0203
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 April 2023
                Volume: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: 34
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Conservative Therapy, College of Dentistry, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
                [1 ] Department of Dentistry, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Ghassan Majid Jasim, Department of Conservative Therapy, College of Dentistry, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, 58002, Iraq. E-mail: ghassan.jasim@ 123456qu.edu.iq
                Article
                Publisher ID: JOS-12-34
                DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_110_22
                PMC ID: 10282551
                PubMed ID: 37351386
                SO-VID: 835a1ace-9780-4571-b0d4-ff7b6f4d74cf
                Copyright © Copyright: © 2023 Journal of Orthodontic Science
                License:

                This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                Date received : 06 November 2022
                Date revision received : 17 December 2022
                Date accepted : 03 January 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: aesthetics,dental students,oral health-related quality of life,questionnaires and surveys
                Data availability:
                Keywords: aesthetics, dental students, oral health-related quality of life, questionnaires and surveys

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