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      For the common good: Measuring residents' efforts to protect their community from drug- and sex-related harm Translated title: Pour le bien commun: Mesurer les efforts de résidents qui cherchent à protéger leur communauté de maux liés de la drogue et aux rapports sexuels

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          Abstract

          People in high-risk neighbourhoods try to protect their friends, neighbours, relatives and others from the social and physical risks associated with sex and drug use. This paper develops and validates a community-grounded questionnaire to measure such ‘intravention’ (health-directed efforts to protect others). An initial ethnography, including life-history interviews and focus groups, explored the forms of intravention activities engaged in by residents of Bushwick (a high-risk New York City neighbourhood). Grassroots categories of intraventions were derived and questions developed to ask about such behaviours. Face validity and adequacy of the questions were assessed by independent experts. Pre-testing was conducted, and reliability and validity were assessed. An instrument including 110 intravention items was administered to 57 community-recruited residents. Analysis focused on 57 items in 11 domain-specific subscale. All subscales had good to very good reliability; Cronbach's alpha ranged from .81 to .95. The subscales evidenced both convergent and discriminant validity. Although further testing of this instrument on additional populations is clearly warranted, this intravention instrument seems valid and reliable. It can be used by researchers in comparative and longitudinal studies of the causes, prevalence and affects of different intravention activities in communities. It can benefit public health practitioners by helping them understand the environments in which they are intervening and by helping them find ways to cooperate with local neighbourhood-level health activists.

          Translated abstract

          Des résidents des quartiers à haut risque essayent de protéger leurs amis, leurs voisins, leurs familles et d'autres personnes contre les risques sociaux et physiques liés au sexe et à l'abus de drogues. Cette communication a pour but de développer et de valider un questionnaire, fait exprès pour cette communauté, afin de mesurer ces ‘ intraventions’ (des efforts destinés à protéger la santé des autres). Une ethnographie initiale, qui inclut entre autres des entretiens portant sur le bilan de vie et des groupes de foyer, a examiné les formes d'activités d'intravention exécutées par les résidents de Bushwick (quartier à haut risque de New York City étudié depuis 1990). Les catégories fondamentales des intraventions ont été créées. De plus, des questions ont été formulées afin d'interroger ces comportements. La validité et l'adéquation de questions ont été évaluées de façon décrite ci-dessous. Un utile qui compte 110 éléments d'intravention a été administré aux 57 résidents recrutés de la communauté. L'analyse a mis l'accent sur 57 éléments rangés sous 11 sous-échelles des champs spécifiques après avoir exclu des éléments qui ne sont pertinents qu'aux petits sous-échantillons de sujets ou des réponses faussées. Toutes les sous-échelles avaient la fiabilité allant de 0,81 à 0,95. Ces dernières ont confirmé la validité convergente et discriminatoire. Bien que les essais approfondis de cet utile sur d'autres populations soient clairement garantis, cet utile d'intravention semble valable et fiable. Des chercheurs peuvent s'en servir pour les études comparatives et longitudinales sur des facteurs de risque, de prédominance et des répercussions de différentes activités d'intravention au sein de communautés, ainsi que pour contrôler des interventions qui aident l'intravention à devenir plus efficace à la prévention du VIH ou des infections par d'autres maladies. Les praticiens de la santé publique peuvent profiter de cet utile qui les aidera à comprendre l'environnement dans lequel ils interviennent et à coopérer avec les combattants pour la santé du voisinage.

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          Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy.

          It is hypothesized that collective efficacy, defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good, is linked to reduced violence. This hypothesis was tested on a 1995 survey of 8782 residents of 343 neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois. Multilevel analyses showed that a measure of collective efficacy yields a high between-neighborhood reliability and is negatively associated with variations in violence, when individual-level characteristics, measurement error, and prior violence are controlled. Associations of concentrated disadvantage and residential instability with violence are largely mediated by collective efficacy.
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            Urging others to be healthy: "intravention" by injection drug users as a community prevention goal.

            "Intravention," prevention activities that are conducted by and sustained through ongoing actions of members of communities-at-risk, is an appropriate goal for HIV intervention activities. Data from 120 injection drug users in a Brooklyn, New York, neighborhood that has seen decreases in HIV prevalence among IDUs and little HIV diffusion to young adults indicate that most of them have recently (3 months) urged other people to engage in one or more self-protective actions. These data suggest that the common image of IDUs as simply being sources of social and medical problems is inaccurate. Research is needed into how to create and diffuse "communities of intravention; " and we suggest that behavioral interventions be evaluated for their success or failure at creating outward-focused health communication by participants as well as for their impact on individual risk behaviors.
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              Social capital or networks, negotiations, and norms? A neighborhood case study.

              "Social capital" has been critiqued as distracting attention from inequalities and policies that produce ill health. We support this critique insofar as social capital refers to the degree of trust and consensus in a locality, but find value in another dimension often included in the concept of social capital--social network ties and their associated communication patterns. We present a case study of Bushwick, a community of 100,000 people in Brooklyn NY, to suggest that the network aspect of "social capital" is useful to understand the active, on-the-ground processes by which residents of some neighborhoods beset by poverty, racial/ethnic subordination, and internal divisions (that themselves arise from inequalities and state policies) work out ways to defend their own and others' safety and health. We use a combination of population-representative survey data for young adults; sexual network survey data; and ethnography to show that Bushwick residents (including drug users and dealers) have used social network ties, communication, and normative pressures to reduce the extent to which they are put at risk by the drug trade and by drug-use-related HIV/AIDS in spite of conflicting interests, disparate values, and widespread distrust both of other community members and of dominant social institutions. This was done by "intravention" health communications, development of protective norms, informal negotiations, and other forms of adjustments within and among various groups--but it occurred in the absence of trust or consensus in this community. We conclude both (1) that social network interpretations of "social capital" might be better conceptualized in dialectic terms as collective action to survive in a harsh social order, and (2) that the social capital theory emphasis on trust and consensus as important causal factors for lowering drug-related risks at the community level may be a romanticized and erroneous perspective.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                SAHARA J
                SAHARA J
                SAHARA J : Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance
                Taylor & Francis
                1729-0376
                1813-4424
                28 February 2012
                2008
                28 February 2012
                : 5
                : 3
                : 144-157
                Affiliations
                NDRI, Inc. , New York, USA
                Emory University , Atlanta, USA
                New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
                BrainScope , New York City
                Author notes
                Email: mateu-gelabert@ndri.org
                Article
                9724913
                10.1080/17290376.2008.9724913
                11132744
                18979048
                82b8b50e-84e3-44a5-9e29-e1fae42b019a
                Copyright Taylor & Francis

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                Research Article
                Original Articles

                intravention,drug prevention,harm reduction,community actions,protecting others,prévention de drogues,réduction du mal,efforts communautaires,protéger les autres

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