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      Comparison of temporalis fascia muscle and full-thickness cartilage grafts in type 1 pediatric tympanoplasties Translated title: Comparação de enxertos com fáscia do músculo temporal e cartilagem de espessura total em timpanoplastias tipo 1 em crianças

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Various graft materials have been used to close tympanic membrane perforations. In the literature, there are few studies in pediatric populations comparing different graft materials. To our knowledge, there is no reported study that measured the thickness of the tragal cartilage in pediatric tympanoplasties. The tragal cartilage is not of uniform thickness in every patient.

          Objective

          To compare anatomical and functional outcomes of temporalis fascia muscle and full-thickness tragal cartilage in type 1 pediatric tympanoplasties.

          Methods

          In total, 78 patients (38 males, 40 females; average age 10.02 ± 1.98 years; range, 7–18 years) who underwent type 1 tympanoplasties in our clinic were included. Demographics, anatomical, and functional outcomes were collected. Temporalis fascia muscle and tragal cartilage were used as graft materials. Tragal cartilage was used without thinning, and the thickness of tragal cartilage was measured using a micrometer. Anatomical and functional outcomes of cartilage and fascia were compared. Audiometric results comparing the cartilage and fascia groups were conducted at 6 months, and we continued to follow the patients to 1 year after surgery. An intact graft and an air-bone gap ≤ 20 dB were regarded as a surgical success. Results with a p-value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

          Results

          The graft success rate was 92.1% for the cartilage group compared with 65.0% for the temporal fascia group. In the fascia group, the preoperative air-bone gap was 33.68 ± 11.44 dB and postoperative air-bone gap was 24.25 ± 12.68 dB. In the cartilage group, the preoperative air-bone gap was 35.68 ± 12.94 dB and postoperative air-bone gap was 26.11 ± 12.87 dB. The anatomical success rate in the cartilage group was significantly better than that for the fascia group ( p < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in functional outcomes between the fascia and cartilage groups ( p > 0.05). The average thickness of tragal cartilage in the pediatric population was 0.693 ± 0.094 mm in males and 0.687 ± 0.058 mm in females.

          Conclusions

          Our data suggest that the anatomical success rate for a cartilage tympanoplasty was higher than for a fascia tympanoplasty. Functional results with cartilage were not different than with fascia, even though we did not thin the tragal cartilage. However, further studies should focus on the interaction between the thickness of the tragal cartilage and the tympanoplasty success rate.

          Resumo

          Introdução

          Vários materiais de enxerto foram usados para o fechamento da perfuração da membrana timpânica. Há poucos estudos na literatura que comparam diferentes materiais de enxerto em populações pediátricas. De acordo com nossa pesquisa, não há estudo que tenha medido a espessura da cartilagem tragal em timpanoplastia pediátrica. A espessura da cartilagem tragal não é uniforme em todos os pacientes.

          Objetivo

          Comparar os resultados anatômicos e funcionais da fáscia do músculo temporal e da cartilagem tragal com espessura total em timpanoplastias tipo 1 em crianças.

          Método

          No total, 78 pacientes (38 do sexo masculino, 40 do sexo feminino; média de idade de 10,02 ± 1,98 anos; variação: 7-18 anos) submetidos a timpanoplastia tipo 1 em nossa clínica foram incluídos. Os resultados demográficos, anatômicos e funcionais foram registrados. A fáscia do músculo temporal e a cartilagem tragal foram usadas como materiais de enxerto. A cartilagem tragal foi usada sem fresagem e a sua espessura foi medida com um micrômetro. Os resultados anatômicos e funcionais da cartilagem e da fáscia foram comparados. Os resultados audiométricos comparando os grupos (cartilagem e fáscia) foram avaliados em 6 meses, e o acompanhamento dos pacientes prosseguiu até 1 ano após a cirurgia. Enxerto intacto e um intervalo aéreo-ósseo ( gap) ≤ 20 dB foram considerados como sucesso cirúrgico. Os resultados com um valor p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes.

          Resultados

          A taxa de sucesso do enxerto foi de 92,1% para o grupo cartilagem e de 65,0% para o grupo fáscia temporal. No grupo fáscia, o gap no pré-operatório foi 33,68 ± 11,44 dB, e 24,25 ± 12,68 dB no pós-operatório. No grupo cartilagem, o gap no pré-operatório foi 35,68 ± 12,94 dB, e 26,11 ± 12,87 no pós-operatório. A taxa de sucesso anatômico no grupo cartilagem foi significantemente melhor que a do grupo fáscia ( p < 0,01). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos resultados funcionais entre os grupos fáscia e cartilagem ( p > 0,05). A espessura média da cartilagem tragal na população pediátrica foi 0,693 ± 0,094 mm em meninos e 0,687 ± 0,058 mm em meninas.

          Conclusões

          Nossos dados sugerem que a taxa de sucesso anatômico para uma timpanoplastia com enxerto de cartilagem seja maior que a de uma timpanoplastia com enxerto de fáscia. Os resultados funcionais com cartilagem não foram diferentes daqueles com fáscia, embora não tenhamos fresado a cartilagem tragal. Porém, novos estudos devem concentrar-se na relação entre a espessura da cartilagem tragal e a taxa de sucesso da timpanoplastia.

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          Most cited references35

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          Eustachian tube function and the middle ear.

          Eustachian tube dysfunction has been linked to causing middle ear pathology. One of the sequelae seen is tympanic membrane retraction. Concern occurs when this physiological state becomes chronic, leading to adhesive otitis media followed by debris collection and fulminate cholesteatoma. This chapter explores the role the eustachian tube plays in regulating middle ear and mastoid aeration, the causes of eustachian tube dysfunction, and the treatment of this disorder.
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            Cartilage tympanoplasty: indications, techniques, and outcomes in a 1,000-patient series.

            The purpose of this study was to analyze the anatomical and audiologic results in more than 1,000 cartilage tympanoplasties that utilized a logical application of several techniques for the management of the difficult ear (cholesteatoma, recurrent perforation, atelectasis). Our hypothesis was that pathology and status of the ossicular chain should dictate the technique used to achieve optimal outcome. Retrospective clinical study of patients undergoing cartilage tympanoplasty between July 1994 and July 2001. A computerized otologic database and patient charts were used to obtain the necessary data. A modification of the perichondrium/cartilage island flap was utilized for tympanic membrane reconstruction in cases of the atelectatic ear, for high-risk perforation in the presence of an intact ossicular chain, and in association with ossiculoplasty when the malleus was absent. A modification of the palisade technique was utilized for TM reconstruction in cases of cholesteatoma and in association with ossiculoplasty when the malleus was present. Hearing results were reported using a four-frequency (500, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000 Hz) pure-tone average air-bone gap (PTA-ABG). The Student t test was used for statistical comparison. Postoperative complications were recorded. During the study period, cartilage was used for TM reconstruction in more than 1,000 patients, of which 712 had sufficient data available for inclusion. Of these, 636 were available for outcomes analysis. In 220 cholesteatoma cases, the average pre- and postoperative PTA-ABGs were 26.5 +/- 12.6 dB and 14.6 +/- 8.8 dB, respectively (P <.05). Recurrence was seen in 8 cases (3.6%), conductive HL requiring revision in 4 (1.8%), perforation in 3 (1.4%), and post- and intraoperative tube insertion in 11 (5.0%) and 18 ears (8.2%), respectively. In 215 cases of high-risk perforation, the average pre- and postoperative PTA-ABGs were 21.7 +/- 13.5 dB and 11.9 +/- 9.3 dB, respectively (P <.05). Complications included recurrent perforation in 9 ears (4.2%), conductive HL requiring revision in 4 (1.9%), postoperative and intraoperative tube insertion in 4 (1.9%) and 6 ears (2.8%), respectively. In 98 cases of atelectasis, the average pre- and postoperative PTA-ABGs were 20.2 +/- 10.9 dB and 14.2 +/- 10.2 dB, respectively (P <.05). Complications included 1 perforation (1.0%), conductive loss requiring revision in 2 cases (2.0%), and post- and intraoperative tube insertion in 7 (7.1%) and 12 ears (12%), respectively. In 103 cases to improve hearing (audiologic), the average pre- and postoperative PTA-ABGs were 33.6 +/- 9.6 dB and 14.6 +/- 10.1 dB, respectively (P <.05). Complications included 1 perforation (1.0%), conductive loss requiring revision in 11 (11%), and post- and intraoperative tube insertion in 6 (5.8%) and 2 (1.9%), respectively. Cartilage tympanoplasty achieves good anatomical and audiologic results when pathology and status of the ossicular chain dictate the technique utilized. Significant hearing improvement was realized in each pathological group. In the atelectatic ear, cartilage allowed us to reconstruct the TM with good anatomic results compared to traditional reconstructions, which have shown high rates of retraction and failure. In cholesteatoma, cartilage tympanoplasty using the palisade technique resulted in precise reconstruction of the TM and helped reduce recurrence. In cases of high-risk perforation, reconstruction with cartilage yielded anatomical and functional results that compared favorably to primary tympanoplasty using traditional techniques. We believe the indications for cartilage tympanoplasty (atelectatic ear, cholesteatoma, high-risk perforation) were validated by these results.
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              Over-under tympanoplasty.

              Common techniques of tympanic membrane repair include underlay and overlay grafting. The over-under tympanoplasty, an innovative method for tympanic membrane repair, will be described as a reliable alternative that has advantages over traditional procedures. This study was a retrospective case review. Tertiary referral center with hospital-setting surgery and outpatient ambulatory patient visits. One hundred twenty patients who underwent over-under tympanoplasty were included in this study. Average follow-up was 1.8 years. Over-under tympanoplasty is performed by placing the graft over the malleus and under the annulus. This technique was used for patients undergoing ear surgery for chronic otitis media, perforations, cholesteatoma, and/or conductive hearing loss. All degrees of ear pathology were included. Main outcome measures were graft success (no perforation, atelectasis, or lateralization within 6 mo) and improvement of hearing. Patients were stratified by severity of disease (according to the Middle Ear Risk Index), cholesteatoma presence, and type of mastoidectomy. All 120 patients had successful grafts. Lateralization of the grafted drum did not occur. Seventeen patients had late atelectasis, and 12 patients had late perforations; nearly all of these were noted more than 1 year after surgery and were attributed to persistent eustachian tube dysfunction or infections. Average improvement in air-bone gap for all patients was 5.3 dB, whereas speech reception threshold improved by 5.9 dB. Over-under tympanoplasty has an excellent success rate while being technically easier than lateral tympanoplasty. Thus, it is a useful method for practitioners of all levels.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Braz J Otorhinolaryngol
                Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
                Elsevier
                1808-8694
                1808-8686
                28 March 2016
                Nov-Dec 2016
                28 March 2016
                : 82
                : 6
                : 695-701
                Affiliations
                [0005]Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul, Turkey
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. dr.mcelik@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                S1808-8694(16)30011-8
                10.1016/j.bjorl.2015.12.009
                9444745
                27068884
                82ac9666-d129-4c94-9b5a-2aca957b2ad6
                © 2016 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 10 November 2015
                : 9 December 2015
                Categories
                Original Article

                child,fascia,hearing,thickness,tragal cartilage,tympanoplasty,criança,fáscia,audição,espessura,cartilagem tragal,timpanoplastia

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