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      Eating Habits Among Medical Students at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

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          Abstract

          Background

          Eating habits are a major concern with regard to the health status of university students. This study aimed to identify patterns of eating habits among undergraduate medical students and to investigate their relationship to sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and psychological factors.

          Methods

          This cross-sectional study included 378 undergraduate medical students aged 19–26 from the Faculty of Medicine at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Students were in their second through sixth academic year. Data were gathered with a self-administered questionnaire encompassing questions on sociodemographics, eating habits, and psychological factors.

          Results

          Eating habits score was much lower among students who were smokers, lived in rented places, lived alone, had separated parents, and did not exercise regularly. In multivariate analysis, multiple psychological factors, such as living alone and stressed, were found to be associated with eating patterns.

          Conclusion

          A majority of undergraduate medical students had unhealthy eating patterns, and socioeconomic and psychological elements were significantly affecting eating patterns.

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          Most cited references49

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          The Global Prevalence of Anxiety Among Medical Students: A Meta-Analysis

          Travis Tian-Ci Quek, Wilson Wai-San Tam, Bach X. Tran … (2019)
          Anxiety, although as common and arguably as debilitating as depression, has garnered less attention, and is often undetected and undertreated in the general population. Similarly, anxiety among medical students warrants greater attention due to its significant implications. We aimed to study the global prevalence of anxiety among medical students and the associated factors predisposing medical students to anxiety. In February 2019, we carried out a systematic search for cross-sectional studies that examined the prevalence of anxiety among medical students. We computed the aggregate prevalence and pooled odds ratio (OR) using the random-effects model and used meta-regression analyses to explore the sources of heterogeneity. We pooled and analyzed data from sixty-nine studies comprising 40,348 medical students. The global prevalence rate of anxiety among medical students was 33.8% (95% Confidence Interval: 29.2–38.7%). Anxiety was most prevalent among medical students from the Middle East and Asia. Subgroup analyses by gender and year of study found no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of anxiety. About one in three medical students globally have anxiety—a prevalence rate which is substantially higher than the general population. Administrators and leaders of medical schools should take the lead in destigmatizing mental illnesses and promoting help-seeking behaviors when students are stressed and anxious. Further research is needed to identify risk factors of anxiety unique to medical students.
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            Food consumption frequency and perceived stress and depressive symptoms among students in three European countries

            Rafael T Mikolajczyk, Walid El Ansari, Annette Maxwell (2009)
            Background Certain foods might be more frequently eaten under stress or when higher levels of depressive symptoms are experienced. We examined whether poor nutritional habits are associated with stress and depressive symptoms and whether the relationships differ by country and gender in a sample from three European countries collected as part of a Cross National Student Health Survey. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among first-year students in Germany (N = 696), Poland (N = 489) and Bulgaria (N = 654). Self-administered questionnaires included a 12-item food frequency questionnaire, Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale, and a modified Beck Depression Index. Linear regression analyses were conducted for two outcomes, perceived stress and depressive symptoms. Results Food consumption frequencies differed by country and gender, as did depressive symptoms and perceived stress. For male students, none of the food consumption groups were associated with perceived stress or depressive symptoms. In females, perceived stress was associated with more frequent consumption of sweets/fast foods and less frequent consumption of fruits/vegetables. Additionally, depressive symptoms were associated with less frequent consumption of fruits/vegetables and meat. Conclusion Our data show consistent associations between unhealthy food consumption and depressive symptoms and perceived stress among female students from three European countries, but not among male students. This suggests that efforts to reduce depressive symptoms and stress among female students may also lead to the consumption of healthier foods and/or vice-versa.
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              College Students and Eating Habits: A Study Using An Ecological Model for Healthy Behavior

              Giovanni Sogari, Catalina Velez-Argumedo, Miguel I. Gómez … (2018)
              Overweightness and obesity rates have increased dramatically over the past few decades and they represent a health epidemic in the United States (US). Unhealthy dietary habits are among the factors that can have adverse effects on weight status in young adulthood. The purpose of this explorative study was to use a qualitative research design to analyze the factors (barriers and enablers) that US college students perceived as influencing healthy eating behaviors. A group of Cornell University students (n = 35) participated in six semi-structured focus groups. A qualitative software, CAQDAS Nvivo11 Plus, was used to create codes that categorized the group discussions while using an Ecological Model. Common barriers to healthy eating were time constraints, unhealthy snacking, convenience high-calorie food, stress, high prices of healthy food, and easy access to junk food. Conversely, enablers to healthy behavior were improved food knowledge and education, meal planning, involvement in food preparation, and being physically active. Parental food behavior and friends’ social pressure were considered to have both positive and negative influences on individual eating habits. The study highlighted the importance of consulting college students when developing healthy eating interventions across the campus (e.g., labeling healthy food options and information campaigns) and considering individual-level factors and socio-ecological aspects in the analysis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Gen Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Gen Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJGM
                Journal ID (pmc): ijgm
                Title: International Journal of General Medicine
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-7074
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 March 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 13
                Pages: 77-88
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                [2 ]Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                [3 ]Family Medicine Department, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Sami H Alzahrani Family Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 4828, Jeddah22431, Saudi ArabiaTel +9669500004062Fax +966126408403 Email drsamihz@gmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6786-7184
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7382-1083
                Article
                Publisher ID: 246296
                DOI: 10.2147/IJGM.S246296
                PMC ID: 7062392
                PubMed ID: 32184649
                SO-VID: 82820703-b4bb-44a7-8b11-47cb4e8d3d73
                Copyright © © 2020 Alzahrani et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 16 January 2020
                Date accepted : 21 February 2020
                Page count
                Tables: 5, References: 65, Pages: 12
                Funding
                This work was funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR), KAU, Jeddah, under grant No. DF-339-140-1441. The authors acknowledge DSR with thanks for their technical and financial support.
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: nutrition,survey,dietary habits,psychological factors,sociodemographic factors
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: nutrition, survey, dietary habits, psychological factors, sociodemographic factors

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