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      Is Open Access

      AmberTools

      brief-report
      , , § , , , # , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
      Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
      American Chemical Society

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          Abstract

          AmberTools is a free and open-source collection of programs used to set up, run, and analyze molecular simulations. The newer features contained within AmberTools23 are briefly described in this Application note.

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          Most cited references81

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          Development and testing of a general amber force field.

          We describe here a general Amber force field (GAFF) for organic molecules. GAFF is designed to be compatible with existing Amber force fields for proteins and nucleic acids, and has parameters for most organic and pharmaceutical molecules that are composed of H, C, N, O, S, P, and halogens. It uses a simple functional form and a limited number of atom types, but incorporates both empirical and heuristic models to estimate force constants and partial atomic charges. The performance of GAFF in test cases is encouraging. In test I, 74 crystallographic structures were compared to GAFF minimized structures, with a root-mean-square displacement of 0.26 A, which is comparable to that of the Tripos 5.2 force field (0.25 A) and better than those of MMFF 94 and CHARMm (0.47 and 0.44 A, respectively). In test II, gas phase minimizations were performed on 22 nucleic acid base pairs, and the minimized structures and intermolecular energies were compared to MP2/6-31G* results. The RMS of displacements and relative energies were 0.25 A and 1.2 kcal/mol, respectively. These data are comparable to results from Parm99/RESP (0.16 A and 1.18 kcal/mol, respectively), which were parameterized to these base pairs. Test III looked at the relative energies of 71 conformational pairs that were used in development of the Parm99 force field. The RMS error in relative energies (compared to experiment) is about 0.5 kcal/mol. GAFF can be applied to wide range of molecules in an automatic fashion, making it suitable for rational drug design and database searching. Copyright 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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            ff14SB: Improving the Accuracy of Protein Side Chain and Backbone Parameters from ff99SB.

            Molecular mechanics is powerful for its speed in atomistic simulations, but an accurate force field is required. The Amber ff99SB force field improved protein secondary structure balance and dynamics from earlier force fields like ff99, but weaknesses in side chain rotamer and backbone secondary structure preferences have been identified. Here, we performed a complete refit of all amino acid side chain dihedral parameters, which had been carried over from ff94. The training set of conformations included multidimensional dihedral scans designed to improve transferability of the parameters. Improvement in all amino acids was obtained as compared to ff99SB. Parameters were also generated for alternate protonation states of ionizable side chains. Average errors in relative energies of pairs of conformations were under 1.0 kcal/mol as compared to QM, reduced 35% from ff99SB. We also took the opportunity to make empirical adjustments to the protein backbone dihedral parameters as compared to ff99SB. Multiple small adjustments of φ and ψ parameters were tested against NMR scalar coupling data and secondary structure content for short peptides. The best results were obtained from a physically motivated adjustment to the φ rotational profile that compensates for lack of ff99SB QM training data in the β-ppII transition region. Together, these backbone and side chain modifications (hereafter called ff14SB) not only better reproduced their benchmarks, but also improved secondary structure content in small peptides and reproduction of NMR χ1 scalar coupling measurements for proteins in solution. We also discuss the Amber ff12SB parameter set, a preliminary version of ff14SB that includes most of its improvements.
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              The Amber biomolecular simulation programs.

              We describe the development, current features, and some directions for future development of the Amber package of computer programs. This package evolved from a program that was constructed in the late 1970s to do Assisted Model Building with Energy Refinement, and now contains a group of programs embodying a number of powerful tools of modern computational chemistry, focused on molecular dynamics and free energy calculations of proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. (c) 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Chem Inf Model
                J Chem Inf Model
                ci
                jcisd8
                Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling
                American Chemical Society
                1549-9596
                1549-960X
                08 October 2023
                23 October 2023
                : 63
                : 20
                : 6183-6191
                Affiliations
                []Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University , Piscataway 08854, New Jersey, United States
                []Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing 48824-1322, Michigan, United States
                [§ ]FOG Pharmaceuticals Inc. , Cambridge 02140, Massachusetts, United States
                []Psivant , 451 D Street, Suite 205, Boston 02210, Massachusetts, United States
                []Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas , Richardson 75801, Texas, United States
                [# ]Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University , Stanford 94305, California, United States
                []Department of Computer Science, California State University , Los Angeles 90032, California, United States
                []Laboratory for Biomolecular Simulation Research, Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University , Piscataway 08854, New Jersey, United States
                []San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego , La Jolla 92093-0505, California, United States
                []Institute for Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
                []Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich 52425, Germany
                []Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco 94080, California, United States
                []Laufer Center for Physical and Quantitative Biology, Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook 11794, New York, United States
                []Departments of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate Program in Chemical and Materials Physics, University of California , Irvine 92697, California, United States
                []Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York , 365 Fifth Avenue, New York 10016, New York, United States
                []Department of Chemistry, Lehman College , 250 Bedford Park Blvd West, Bronx 10468, New York, United States
                []Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago , Chicago 60660, Illinois, United States
                []Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
                []Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University , Northridge, Northridge 91330, California, United States
                []Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing 48824-1322, Michigan, United States
                []Institut Pasteur de Montevideo , Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
                []Departments of Computer Science and Physics, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg 24061, Virginia, United States
                []Department of Statistics, Florida State University , Tallahassee 32304, Florida, United States
                []Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen 518055, China
                []Entos , 4470 W Sunset Blvd, Suite 107, Los Angeles 90027, California, United States
                []Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh 15261, Pennsylvania, United States
                []Laboratory of Computational Biology, NHLBI, NIH , Bethesda 20892, Maryland, United States
                []Nurix Therapeutics, Inc. , San Francisco 94158, California, United States
                []Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah , 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City 84112, Utah, United States
                []Laboratory of Computational Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda 20892, Maryland, United States
                []Department of Chemistry, The University of Florida , 440 Leigh Hall, Gainesville 32611-7200, Florida, United States
                []Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook 11794, New York, United States
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2314-2346
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6629-3430
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4739-5447
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0653-9168
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8048-6906
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8613-1447
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2110-2279
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2572-5935
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2906-5858
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6737-6019
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3594-8112
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9971-4710
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0814-1364
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4930-6612
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6435-4543
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9607-8229
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0954-4560
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1497-2444
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4514-0897
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5612-0728
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0298-3904
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3963-8784
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7252-4730
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9193-7055
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2678-6825
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9139-5893
                Article
                10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01153
                10598796
                37805934
                80f12fc9-28c7-46d5-b57d-52debee8a004
                © 2023 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society

                Permits non-commercial access and re-use, provided that author attribution and integrity are maintained; but does not permit creation of adaptations or other derivative works ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 28 July 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: GM130641
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: GM135136
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                Award ID: GM108583
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                Award ID: GM107104
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                Award ID: GM107485
                Funded by: Intel, doi NA;
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                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: OAC-2117247
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: GM147673
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: GM144596
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: GM146633
                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: NSF OAC1835144
                Funded by: AMD, doi NA;
                Award ID: NA
                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: CTMC-1665159
                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: CHE-2216858
                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: CHE-2102668
                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: CHE-2050541
                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: CHE-2018427
                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: CHE-1955260
                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: 2209718
                Funded by: Loyola University Chicago, doi 10.13039/100007656;
                Award ID: NA
                Funded by: National Science Foundation, doi 10.13039/100000001;
                Award ID: 2209717
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, doi 10.13039/501100001659;
                Award ID: 267205415
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: R35GM144089
                Funded by: Nvidia, doi 10.13039/100007065;
                Award ID: NA
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: NHLBI Z01 HL001051-23
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: NIH U2COD026506
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: GM149874
                Funded by: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, doi 10.13039/100000002;
                Award ID: GM62248
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China, doi 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: NSFC-22225304
                Funded by: FOCEM, doi NA;
                Award ID: COF 03/11
                Categories
                Application Note
                Custom metadata
                ci3c01153
                ci3c01153

                Computational chemistry & Modeling
                Computational chemistry & Modeling

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