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      Función y selección de materias primas en la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno: Punta Negra e Imilac, región de Antofagasta, Chile

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          Abstract

          Durante la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno, el desierto de Atacama fue habitado por sociedades de cazadores-recolectores que desarrollaron complejas dinámicas de ocupación. En las cuencas de Punta Negra e Imilac (24° 30’ S 68° 50’ O) se han registrado más de 40 sitios con fechados radiocarbónicos de transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno, además de un paisaje lítico caracterizado por una amplia oferta de rocas de media a alta calidad. Ante evidencias de una lógica estructurada de ocupación del espacio y de transporte sistemático de estas materias primas, este trabajo evalúa la relación entre la selección de rocas y la función del instrumental a partir del análisis funcional de base microscópica. Se propone que las materias primas fueron seleccionadas para producir ciertas morfologías funcionales, luego utilizadas en el trabajo de materiales diversos de acuerdo con necesidades contingentes. Así, se observa un conocimiento desarrollado de los recursos disponibles para épocas tempranas, en un territorio que por años se pensó en los márgenes de la ocupación pleistocénica.

          Translated abstract

          During the Pleistocene-Holocene transition the Atacama desert was inhabited by hunter-gatherer societies that developed complex occupation dynamics. In the Punta Negra and Imilac basins (24° 30’ S 68° 50’ W) over 40 sites with Pleistocene-Holocene radiocarbon dates have been found, as well as a lithic landscape characterized by a wide range of medium to high quality raw materials. Under the light of evidence of a well-structured spatial occupation logic, and systematic long distance transport of lithic raw materials, the current paper evaluates the relationship between function and rock selection for lithic toolsets through microscopic functional analysis. It is proposed that raw materials were selected for certain functional morphologies and subsequently used for working different materials based on situational needs. Thus, an early well-developed knowledge of available resources can be demonstrated for a territory that for years was considered on the margins of the Pleistocene occupation.

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          Most cited references30

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          A 22,000-Year Record of Monsoonal Precipitation from Northern Chile's Atacama Desert.

          Fossil rodent middens and wetland deposits from the central Atacama Desert (22 degrees to 24 degrees S) indicate increasing summer precipitation, grass cover, and groundwater levels from 16.2 to 10.5 calendar kiloyears before present (ky B.P.). Higher elevation shrubs and summer-flowering grasses expanded downslope across what is now the edge of Absolute Desert, a broad expanse now largely devoid of rainfall and vegetation. Paradoxically, this pluvial period coincided with the summer insolation minimum and reduced adiabatic heating over the central Andes. Summer precipitation over the central Andes and central Atacama may depend on remote teleconnections between seasonal insolation forcing in both hemispheres, the Asian monsoon, and Pacific sea surface temperature gradients. A less pronounced episode of higher groundwater levels in the central Atacama from 8 to 3 ky B.P. conflicts with an extreme lowstand of Lake Titicaca, indicating either different climatic forcing or different response times and sensitivities to climatic change.
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            Human occupations and climate change in the Puna de Atacama, Chile.

            Widespread evidence for human occupation of the Atacama Desert, 20 degrees to 25 degrees S in northern Chile, has been found from 13,000 calibrated 14C years before the present (cal yr B.P.) to 9500 cal yr B.P., and again after 4500 cal yr B.P. Initial human occupation coincided with a change from very dry environments to humid environments. More than 39 open early Archaic campsites at elevations above 3600 meters show that hunters lived around late glacial/early Holocene paleolakes on the Altiplano. Cessation of the use of the sites between 9500 and 4500 cal yr B.P. is associated with drying of the lakes. The mid-Holocene collapse of human occupation is also recorded in cave deposits. One cave contained Pleistocene fauna associated with human artifacts. Faunal diversity was highest during the humid early Holocene.
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              Paleoindian settlement of the high-altitude Peruvian Andes.

              Study of human adaptation to extreme environments is important for understanding our cultural and genetic capacity for survival. The Pucuncho Basin in the southern Peruvian Andes contains the highest-altitude Pleistocene archaeological sites yet identified in the world, about 900 meters above confidently dated contemporary sites. The Pucuncho workshop site [4355 meters above sea level (masl)] includes two fishtail projectile points, which date to about 12.8 to 11.5 thousand years ago (ka). Cuncaicha rock shelter (4480 masl) has a robust, well-preserved, and well-dated occupation sequence spanning the past 12.4 thousand years (ky), with 21 dates older than 11.5 ka. Our results demonstrate that despite cold temperatures and low-oxygen conditions, hunter-gatherers colonized extreme high-altitude Andean environments in the Terminal Pleistocene, within about 2 ky of the initial entry of humans to South America.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                iant
                Intersecciones en antropología
                Intersecciones antropol.
                Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales (Olavarría, Buenos Aires, Argentina )
                1850-373X
                June 2019
                : 20
                : 1
                : 11-23
                Affiliations
                [01] Valdivia orgnameUniversidad Austral de Chile orgdiv1Dirección Museológica Chile
                Article
                S1850-373X2019000100002
                80e4914d-9ae8-4455-88f6-39c9909a67d0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 September 2018
                : 16 February 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Artículos

                South American peopling,Use wear analysis,Lithic raw materials,Atacama desert,Poblamiento sudamericano,Análisis funcional,Materias primas líticas,Desierto de Atacama

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