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      First complete genome sequence of parainfluenza virus 5 isolated from lesser panda

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          Abstract

          Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) is widespread in mammals and humans. Up to now, there is little information about PIV5 infection in lesser pandas. In this study, a PIV5 variant (named ZJQ-221) was isolated from a lesser panda with respiratory disease in Guangzhou zoo in Guangdong province, southern China. The full-length genome of ZJQ-221 was found to be 15,246 nucleotides and consisted of seven non-overlapping genes encoding eight proteins (i.e., NP, V, P, M, F, SH, HN and L). Sequence alignment and genetic analysis revealed that ZJQ-221 shared a close relationship with a PIV5 strain of canine-origin (1168-1) from South Korea. The findings of this study confirm the presence of PIV5 in lesser panda and indicate this mammal as a possible natural reservoir. Furthermore they highlight the urgent need to strengthen viral surveillance and control of PIV5 in zoo animals.

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          The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00705-017-3245-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Diversity of susceptible hosts in canine distemper virus infection: a systematic review and data synthesis

          Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez, Julián Ruiz-Saenz (2016)
          Background Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the etiological agent of one of the most infectious diseases of domestic dogs, also known as a highly prevalent viral infectious disease of carnivores and posing a conservation threat to endangered species around the world. To get a better panorama of CDV infection in different Orders, a retrospective and documental systematic review of the role of CDV in different non-dog hosts was conducted. The bibliographical data were collected from MedLine/PubMed and Scopus databases. Data related to Order, Family, Genus and Species of the infected animals, the presence or absence of clinical signs, mortality, serological, molecular or antigenic confirmation of CDV infection, geographic location, were collected and summarized. Results Two hundred seventeen scientific articles were considered eligible which includes reports of serological evaluation, and antigenic or genomic confirmation of CDV infection in non-dog hosts. CDV infects naturally and experimentally different members of the Orders Carnivora (in 12 Families), Rodentia (four Families), Primates (two Families), Artiodactyla (three Families) and Proboscidea (one Family). The Order Carnivora (excluding domestic dogs) accounts for the vast majority (87.5 %) of the records. Clinical disease associated with CDV infection was reported in 51.8 % of the records and serological evidence of CDV infection in apparently healthy animals was found in 49.5 % of the records. High mortality rate was showed in some of the recorded infections in Orders different to Carnivora. In non-dog hosts, CDV has been reported all continents with the exception of Australasia and in 43 different countries. Conclusions The results of this systematic review demonstrate that CDV is able to infect a very wide range of host species from many different Orders and emphasizes the potential threat of infection for endangered wild species as well as raising concerns about potential zoonotic threats following the cessation of large-scale measles vaccination campaigns in the human population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0702-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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            Recovery of infectious SV5 from cloned DNA and expression of a foreign gene.

            Robert A. Lamb, Diane Ward, B. He … (1997)
            A complete cDNA clone of the genome (15,246 nucleotides) of the paramyxovirus SV5 was constructed from cDNAs such that an anti-genome RNA could be transcribed by T7 RNA polymerase and the correct 3' end generated by cleavage using hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. The plasmid encoding the antigenome sequence was transfected into cells previously infected with recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed T7 RNA polymerase, together with helper plasmids that expressed the viral replication proteins, NP, P, and L, under the control of the T7 polymerase promoter. Rescue of the RNA genome from DNA was demonstrated by recovering SV5 with the tag restriction sites introduced into the DNA clone, using RT-PCR of the genome RNA and nucleotide sequencing. Rescue of SV5 from DNA did not require expression of the viral V protein as a helper plasmid, suggesting that V protein is not essential for initial replication. The infectious cDNA of SV5 was also manipulated to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of SV5 transcriptional start and stop signals introduced between the HN and L genes. The amount of GFP that was expressed varied depending on the nature of the newly introduced transcription signals. Copyright 1997 Academic Press.
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              Relationships and host range of human, canine, simian and porcine isolates of simian virus 5 (parainfluenza virus 5).

              R. Randall, N Chatziandreou, N. Stock … (2004)
              Sequence comparison of the V/P and F genes of 13 human, canine, porcine and simian isolates of simian virus 5 (SV5) revealed a surprising lack of sequence variation at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels (0-3%), even though the viruses were isolated over 30 years and originated from countries around the world. Furthermore, there were no clear distinguishing amino acid or nucleotide differences among the isolates that correlated completely with the species from which they were isolated. In addition, there was no evidence that the ability of the viruses to block interferon signalling by targeting STAT1 for degradation was confined to the species from which they were isolated. All isolates had an extended cytoplasmic tail in the F protein, compared with the original W3A and WR monkey isolates. Sequence analysis of viruses that were derived from human bone-marrow cells isolated in London in the 1980s revealed that, whilst they were related more closely to one another than to the other isolates, they all had identifying differences, suggesting that they were independent isolates. These results therefore support previous data suggesting that SV5 can infect humans persistently, although the relationship of SV5 to any human disease remains highly contentious. Given that SV5 has been isolated on multiple occasions from different species, it is proposed that the term simian virus 5 is inappropriate and suggested that the virus should be renamed parainfluenza virus 5.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jun-Qiong Zhai: 858816315@qq.com
                Shao-Lun Zhai:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3217-2256
                zhaishaolun@163.com
                Tao Lin: tao.lin@sdstate.edu
                Jian-Kui Liu: liujiankui99@qq.com
                He-Xing Wang: 377797222@qq.com
                Bing Li: 267054410@qq.com
                He Zhang: zhanghejt@163.com
                Shu-Zhan Zou: 1171869161@qq.com
                Xia Zhou: 1198869886@qq.com
                Meng-Fan Wu: 820907612@qq.com
                Wu Chen: guangzhouchenwu@sina.com
                Man-Lin Luo: 710510116@qq.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Arch Virol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Arch. Virol
                Title: Archives of Virology
                Publisher: Springer Vienna (Vienna )
                ISSN (Print): 0304-8608
                ISSN (Electronic): 1432-8798
                Publication date (Electronic): 30 January 2017
                Publication date (Print): 2017
                Volume: 162
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 1413-1418
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.20561.30, ISNI 0000 0000 9546 5767, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, , South China Agricultural University, ; Guangzhou, 510642 China
                [2 ]GRID grid.135769.f, ISNI 0000 0001 0561 6611, Institute of Animal Health, , Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ; Guangzhou, 510640 China
                [3 ]GRID grid.263791.8, ISNI 0000 0001 2167 853X, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, , South Dakota State University, ; Brookings, SD 57007 USA
                [4 ]Mengzi Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Mengzi, 661100 China
                [5 ]Guangzhou Zoo, Guangzhou, 510070 China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3217-2256
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3245
                DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3245-0
                PMC ID: 7087075
                PubMed ID: 28138777
                SO-VID: 80c6fb8a-cb48-4f2c-88ca-e32075b3ffb8
                Copyright © © Springer-Verlag Wien 2017
                License:

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                Date received : 15 November 2016
                Date accepted : 31 December 2016
                Funding
                Funded by: Guangzhou Zoo
                Funded by: Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology
                Award ID: 2016A040403083
                Award ID: 2016B020234006
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Guangzhou Science Technology and Innovation Commission
                Award ID: 201508020055
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002855, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China;
                Award ID: 2015GA780010
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Annotated Sequence Record
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer-Verlag Wien 2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: complete genome sequence,simian virus,nasal swab,canine distemper virus,close genetic relationship
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: complete genome sequence, simian virus, nasal swab, canine distemper virus, close genetic relationship

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