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      Características clínicas do osteossarcoma na infância e sua influência no prognóstico Translated title: Clinical features in osteosarcoma and prognostic implications

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVOS: Conhecer as características clínicas e determinar os fatores de importância prognóstica de crianças e adolescentes com osteossarcoma. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram revisados os prontuários de crianças e adolescentes com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma tratados entre janeiro de 1992 e dezembro de 2001 pelo Grupo de Tumores Ósseos do Rio Grande do Sul. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 50 pacientes com idade mediana de 13 anos (3 a 22), sendo 68% pacientes do sexo masculino. Os locais primários foram: 50% fêmur, 30% tíbia, 4% ilíaco, 10% úmero, 2% fíbula e 4% outros . Dezenove pacientes (38%) apresentavam metástases ao diagnóstico. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a quimioterapia. Quanto ao tratamento cirúrgico, 26 pacientes (52%) foram submetidos a amputação, e 17 a cirurgia conservadora (34%). A desidrogenase láctica maior do que 1.000 UI/ml ao diagnóstico, o índice de necrose inferior a 90% e a presença de metástases influíram negativamente no prognóstico. A probabilidade de sobrevida global em 5 anos foi de 33,2+7,2%, com média de follow-up de 36 meses (6-126); a probabilidade de sobrevida livre de eventos em 5 anos foi de 29,7+7%. A probabilidade de sobrevida livre de eventos em 5 anos dos pacientes não-metastáticos ao diagnóstico foi de 45+10,7%, e a dos metastáticos foi zero (médias de follow-up de 78,4 e 18,7 meses, respectivamente); apenas dois dos 19 pacientes com doença metastática encontram-se fora de tratamento e livres de doença, com follow-up de 18 e 30 meses, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A presença de doença metastática e nível sérico de desidrogenase láctica acima de 1.000 UI/ml ao diagnóstico, assim como índice de necrose < 90%, representam fatores prognósticos desfavoráveis. O percentual excessivamente elevado de pacientes com doença metastática ao diagnóstico sugere que se trata de uma população de pacientes com doença biologicamente agressiva ou diagnosticados tardiamente em nosso meio.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To identify the clinical features in osteosarcoma and to investigate their influence on the prognosis of children and adolescents presenting this disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The records of children and adolescents with osteosarcoma treated by the Bone Tumors Group of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between January 1992 and December 2001 were reviewed. RESULTS: Fifty consecutive patients were included in this study. Mean age at diagnosis was 13 years (3-22); 68% of the patients were males. The primary site of disease was the femur in 50% of the patients, tibia in 30%, pelvis in 4%, humerus in 10%, fibula in 2% and other sites in 4%. Nineteen patients presented metastases at diagnosis (38%). All patients received chemotherapy and were treated with three different schemes. As for surgical treatment, 26 patients (52%) had an amputation and 17 (34%) received conservative surgery. Serum lactic dehydrogenase > 1,000 UI/ml (p = 0.0159, log rank), tumor necrosis < 90% and presence of metastases had a negative influence on prognosis. The overall 5-year survival was of 33.2+7.2% with mean follow-up of 36 months (6-126). Event-free survival was 29.7+7%. The 5-year event-free survival in non-metastatic patients was 45+10.7%, and zero in metastatic patients (follow-up of 78.4 and 18.7 months, respectively). Only two out of 19 metastatic patients are alive and free of disease at 18 and 30 months respectively. CONCLUSION: Metastatic disease at diagnosis, serum levels of serum lactic dehydrogenase > 1,000 UI/ml and tumor necrosis < 90% are predictors of unfavorable prognosis. The excessively high incidence of metastatic patients may suggest the presence of an aggressive pattern of disease in our population, or may indicate late diagnosis.

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          Most cited references20

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          Prognostic Factors in High-Grade Osteosarcoma of the Extremities or Trunk: An Analysis of 1,702 Patients Treated on Neoadjuvant Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group Protocols

          PURPOSE: To define prognostic factors for response and long-term outcome for a wide spectrum of osteosarcomas, extending well beyond those of the typical young patient with seemingly localized extremity disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 1,702 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with high-grade osteosarcoma of the trunk or limbs registered into the neoadjuvant studies of the Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study Group before July 1998 were entered into an analysis of demographic, tumor-related, and treatment-related variables, response, and survival. The intended therapeutic strategy included preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy with multiple agents as well as surgery of all operable lesions. RESULTS: Axial tumor site, male sex, and a long history of symptoms were associated with poor response to chemotherapy in univariate and multivariate analysis. Actuarial 10-year overall and event-free survival rates were 59.8% and 48.9%. Among the variables assessable at diagnosis, patient age (actuarial 10-year survival ≥ 40, 41.6%; < 40, 60.2%; P = .012), tumor site (axial, 29.2%; limb, 61.7%; P < .0001), and primary metastases (yes, 26.7%; no, 64.4%; P < .0001), and for extremity osteosarcomas, also size (≥ one third, 52.5%; < one third, 66.7%; P < .0001) and location within the limb (proximal, 49.3%; other, 63.9%; P < .0001), had significant influence on outcome. Two additional important prognostic factors were treatment related: response to chemotherapy (poor, 47.2%; good, 73.4%; P < .0001) and the extent of surgery (incomplete, 14.6%; macroscopically complete, 64.8%; P < .0001). All factors except age maintained their significance in multivariate testing, with surgical remission and histologic response emerging as the key prognostic factors. CONCLUSION: Tumor site and size, primary metastases, response to chemotherapy, and surgical remission are of independent prognostic value in osteosarcoma.
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            Prognostic factors in osteosarcoma: a critical review.

            The purpose of this critical appraisal was to determine the prognostic factors that influence survival in patients with nonmetastatic, high-grade osteosarcoma of the extremities. A computerized literature search of reports published from January 1973 to March 1992 was conducted to determine those eligible for inclusion in the review. Reports were reviewed blindly by two of the authors; inclusion and scoring were determined according to preestablished criteria. Eight reports were included in the appraisal. The prognostic variables evaluated were age, sex, anatomic tumor location, tumor size, and tumor necrosis. Tumor size and necrosis following preoperative chemotherapy were significant prognostic variables in relation to survival in univariate analysis. However, only tumor necrosis maintained its significance in multivariate modeling. The most important prognostic variable for patients with osteosarcoma of the extremity was tumor necrosis evident following preoperative chemotherapy. There is no consensus as to any prognostic variable that might be used to stratify patients before the onset of therapy.
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              Tumor size and prognosis in aggressively treated osteosarcoma.

              The aim of this retrospective analysis was to investigate the prognostic significance and optimal measures of tumor size in osteosarcoma treated with intensive neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Initial anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral x-ray films of 128 patients treated within the trials Cooperative Osteosarcoma Study (COSS)-80, -82, and -86, were evaluated for the following three tumor diameters: length, width, and depth. Metastasis-free survival (MFS) analyses were performed in univariate and multivariate models with one, two, and three dimensions of the tumor as absolute or relative measures (tumor length, referred to bone length, plane and volume to body-surface area). Univariate analyses of MFS showed a high prognostic significance of all absolute measures. Relative measures, at best, showed a comparable predictive value. Cox regression analysis indicated the high prognostic significance of absolute tumor volume (ATV; P < .0001) and histologic response (P < .0001). None of 19 patients with an ATV < or = 70 cm3 and only four of 53 with an ATV < or = 150 cm3 relapsed, while in patients with an ATV more than 150 cm3, the relapse rate remained 40% to 60%, irrespective of further increase in volume. Initial tumor size is an important and easily obtainable prognostic factor in osteosarcoma and may serve as a basis for risk-adapted therapy. It is best represented by the absolute three-dimensional measure ATV. There is a cut-off point regarding the incidence of metastases at a tumor volume of approximately 150 cm3 as calculated from two-plane x-ray films.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jped
                Jornal de Pediatria
                J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil )
                0021-7557
                1678-4782
                February 2004
                : 80
                : 1
                : 65-70
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina
                [06] orgnameHospital Mãe de Deus
                [03] orgnameSanta Casa
                [05] orgnameFundação Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Porto Alegre
                [04] orgnameHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre orgdiv1Serviço de Patologia
                [01] orgnameHospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre orgdiv1Serviço de Oncologia Pediátrica
                Article
                S0021-75572004000100013 S0021-7557(04)08000113
                80c5ce33-17a9-4311-927b-a642f815268b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 17 September 2003
                : 25 February 2003
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                metástases,metastatic,children,Osteossarcoma,crianças,Osteosarcoma

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