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      Oral microbiota and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review of their relation and carcinogenic mechanisms

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          Abstract

          Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer worldwide. Emerging research suggests a strong association between OSCC and the oral microbiota, a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Pathogenic bacteria, in particular Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have been closely linked to OSCC. Moreover, certain oral fungi, such as Candida albicans, and viruses, like the human papillomavirus, have also been implicated in OSCC. Despite these findings, the precise mechanisms through which the oral microbiota influences OSCC development remain unclear and necessitate further research. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the oral microbiota and its relationship with OSCC and discusses potential carcinogenic pathways that the oral microbiota may activate or modulate are also discussed.

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          Fusobacterium nucleatum — symbiont, opportunist and oncobacterium

          Caitlin Brennan, Wendy Garrett (2018)
          Fusobacterium nucleatum has long been found to cause opportunistic infections and has recently been implicated in colorectal cancer; however, it is a common member of the oral microbiota and can have a symbiotic relationship with its hosts. To address this dissonance, we explore the diversity and niches of fusobacteria and reconsider historic fusobacterial taxonomy in the context of current technology. We also undertake a critical reappraisal of fusobacteria with a focus on F. nucleatum as a mutualist, infectious agent and oncogenic microorganism. In this Review, we delve into recent insights and future directions for fusobacterial research, including the current genetic toolkit, our evolving understanding of its mechanistic role in promoting colorectal cancer and the challenges of developing diagnostics and therapeutics for F. nucleatum.
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            Radical causes of cancer.

            S. Perwez Hussain, Lorne Hofseth, Curtis Harris (2003)
            Free radicals are ubiquitous in our body and are generated by normal physiological processes, including aerobic metabolism and inflammatory responses, to eliminate invading pathogenic microorganisms. Because free radicals can also inflict cellular damage, several defences have evolved both to protect our cells from radicals--such as antioxidant scavengers and enzymes--and to repair DNA damage. Understanding the association between chronic inflammation and cancer provides insights into the molecular mechanisms involved. In particular, we highlight the interaction between nitric oxide and p53 as a crucial pathway in inflammatory-mediated carcinogenesis.
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              B7-H1, a third member of the B7 family, co-stimulates T-cell proliferation and interleukin-10 secretion.

              Haidong Dong, Gefeng Zhu, Koji Tamada … (1999)
              The B7 family members B7-1 and B7-2 interact with CD28 and constitute an essential T-cell co-stimulatory pathway in the initiation of antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune response. Here, we describe a third member of the B7 family, called B7-H1 that does not bind CD28, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte A4 or ICOS (inducible co-stimulator). Ligation of B7-H1 co-stimulated T-cell responses to polyclonal stimuli and allogeneic antigens, and preferentially stimulated the production of interleukin-10. Interleukin-2, although produced in small amounts, was required for the effect of B7-H1 co-stimulation. Our studies thus define a previously unknown co-stimulatory molecule that may be involved in the negative regulation of cell-mediated immune responses.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bayu Indra Sukmana: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Raed Obaid Saleh: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2404921Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Maryam Abdulrahman Najim: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Hasan S. AL-Ghamdi: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Harun Achmad: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Mais Mazin Al-Hamdani: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Abbas AY. Taher: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Ali Alsalamy: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Mansoor Khaledi: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1964208Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Kasra Javadi: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2542814Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Oncol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Oncol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Oncol.
                Title: Frontiers in Oncology
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 2234-943X
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 February 2024
                Publication date Collection: 2024
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1319777
                Affiliations
                [1] 1 Oral Biology, Lambung Mangkurat , Banjarmasin, Indonesia
                [2] 2 Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Maarif University College , Al-Anbar, Iraq
                [3] 3 Department of Biology, College Education for Pure Science, University of Anbar , Al-Anbar, Iraq
                [4] 4 Internal Medicine Department, Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University , Albaha, Saudi Arabia
                [5] 5 Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia (Lecture of Pediatric Dentistry) , Makassar, Indonesia
                [6] 6 Pharmaceutics Department, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University , Thi-Qar, Iraq
                [7] 7 College of Dentistry, The Islamic University , Najaf, Iraq
                [8] 8 College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja’afar Al‐Sadiq University , Al‐Muthanna, Iraq
                [9] 9 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences , Shahrekord, Iran
                [10] 10 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University , Tehran, Iran
                Author notes

                Edited by: George Grant, University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom

                Reviewed by: Sanket Shashikant Desai, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Spain

                Zhangyong Song, Southwest Medical University, China

                *Correspondence: Mansoor Khaledi, mansoor.khaledi@ 123456yahoo.com ; Kasra Javadi, kasra.javadi2020@ 123456gmail.com

                †ORCID: Bayu Indra Sukmana, orcid.org/0000-0003-1461-0400; Raed Obaid Saleh, orcid.org/0000-0003-3873-3181; Mansoor Khaledi, orcid.org/0000-0002-1576-5968

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1319777
                PMC ID: 10876296
                PubMed ID: 38375155
                SO-VID: 806e8eb2-1bd2-4d33-921e-9ab4a815e53e
                Copyright © Copyright © 2024 Sukmana, Saleh, Najim, AL-Ghamdi, Achmad, Al-Hamdani, Taher, Alsalamy, Khaledi and Javadi
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 11 October 2023
                Date accepted : 15 January 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 122, Pages: 13, Words: 6885
                Funding
                The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
                Categories
                Subject: Oncology
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                section-in-acceptance Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: oral microbiota,oral squamous cell carcinoma,carcinogenic mechanisms,porphyromonas gingivalis,fusobacterium nucleatum,candida albicans,human papillomavirus
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
                Keywords: oral microbiota, oral squamous cell carcinoma, carcinogenic mechanisms, porphyromonas gingivalis, fusobacterium nucleatum, candida albicans, human papillomavirus

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