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      Animal board invited review: Widespread adoption of genetic technologies is key to sustainable expansion of global aquaculture

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          Highlights

          • The extent of application of genetic technologies to aquaculture production varies widely by species and geography.

          • Achieving a more universal application of seed derived from scientifically based breeding programmes is an important goal in order to meet increasing global demands for seafood production.

          • This article reviews the status of genetic technologies across the world’s top 10 highly produced species.

          • Opportunities and barriers to achieving broad-scale uptake of genetic technologies in global aquaculture are discussed.

          • A future outlook for potential disruptive genetic technologies and how they might affect global aquaculture production is given.

          Abstract

          Aquaculture production comprises a diverse range of species, geographies, and farming systems. The application of genetics and breeding technologies towards improved production is highly variable, ranging from the use of wild-sourced seed through to advanced family breeding programmes augmented by genomic techniques. This technical variation exists across some of the most highly produced species globally, with several of the top ten global species by volume generally lacking well-managed breeding programmes. Given the well-documented incremental and cumulative benefits of genetic improvement on production, this is a major missed opportunity. This short review focusses on (i) the status of application of selective breeding in the world’s most produced aquaculture species, (ii) the range of genetic technologies available and the opportunities they present, and (iii) a future outlook towards realising the potential contribution of genetic technologies to aquaculture sustainability and global food security.

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          Most cited references120

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          A 20-year retrospective review of global aquaculture

          The sustainability of aquaculture has been debated intensely since 2000, when a review on the net contribution of aquaculture to world fish supplies was published in Nature. This paper reviews the developments in global aquaculture from 1997 to 2017, incorporating all industry sub-sectors and highlighting the integration of aquaculture in the global food system. Inland aquaculture-especially in Asia-has contributed the most to global production volumes and food security. Major gains have also occurred in aquaculture feed efficiency and fish nutrition, lowering the fish-in-fish-out ratio for all fed species, although the dependence on marine ingredients persists and reliance on terrestrial ingredients has increased. The culture of both molluscs and seaweed is increasingly recognized for its ecosystem services; however, the quantification, valuation, and market development of these services remain rare. The potential for molluscs and seaweed to support global nutritional security is underexploited. Management of pathogens, parasites, and pests remains a sustainability challenge industry-wide, and the effects of climate change on aquaculture remain uncertain and difficult to validate. Pressure on the aquaculture industry to embrace comprehensive sustainability measures during this 20-year period have improved the governance, technology, siting, and management in many cases.
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            The Atlantic salmon genome provides insights into rediploidization

            The whole-genome duplication 80 million years ago of the common ancestor of salmonids (salmonid-specific fourth vertebrate whole-genome duplication, Ss4R) provides unique opportunities to learn about the evolutionary fate of a duplicated vertebrate genome in 70 extant lineages. Here we present a high-quality genome assembly for Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ), and show that large genomic reorganizations, coinciding with bursts of transposon-mediated repeat expansions, were crucial for the post-Ss4R rediploidization process. Comparisons of duplicate gene expression patterns across a wide range of tissues with orthologous genes from a pre-Ss4R outgroup unexpectedly demonstrate far more instances of neofunctionalization than subfunctionalization. Surprisingly, we find that genes that were retained as duplicates after the teleost-specific whole-genome duplication 320 million years ago were not more likely to be retained after the Ss4R, and that the duplicate retention was not influenced to a great extent by the nature of the predicted protein interactions of the gene products. Finally, we demonstrate that the Atlantic salmon assembly can serve as a reference sequence for the study of other salmonids for a range of purposes. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature17164) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. The genome sequence is presented for the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), providing information about a rediploidization following a salmonid-specific whole-genome duplication event that resulted in an autotetraploidization. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature17164) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. William Davidson and colleagues report sequencing and assembly of the Atlantic salmon genome, which they demonstrate as a useful reference to also improve the genome assembly of other salmanoids. Their analyses provide insights into duplicate retention patterns across two rounds of whole-genome duplication that have occurred in this lineage. Supplementary information The online version of this article (doi:10.1038/nature17164) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              The importance of selective breeding in aquaculture to meet future demands for animal protein: A review

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Animal
                Animal
                Animal
                Elsevier
                1751-7311
                1751-732X
                1 October 2022
                October 2022
                : 16
                : 10
                : None
                Affiliations
                [a ]Benchmark Genetics, 1 Pioneer Building, Edinburgh Technopole, Penicuik, UK
                [b ]The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, UK
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. ross.houston@ 123456bmkgenetics.com
                Article
                S1751-7311(22)00199-9 100642
                10.1016/j.animal.2022.100642
                9553672
                36183431
                80607094-1aed-4f99-a85c-fd6796abb40b
                © 2022 The Author(s)

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 10 March 2022
                : 31 August 2022
                : 2 September 2022
                Categories
                Article

                Animal science & Zoology
                biotechnology,food security,genetic technologies,genomics,selective breeding

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