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      Geometric morphometric comparison of the oral and lower pharyngeal jaws of the closely related cichlids Vieja bifasciata, V. breidohri, and V. hartwegi (Cichliformes: Cichlidae) Translated title: Comparación morfogeométrica de las mandíbulas orales y faríngeas inferiores de los cíclidos estrechamente relacionados Vieja bifasciata, V. breidohri y V. hartwegi (Cichliformes: Cichlidae)

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          Abstract

          Abstract The systematics of the genus Vieja is complex because it contains many morphologically similar species that have little genetic differentiation. Examination of morphological traits can be useful for clarifying their taxonomic status. We analyzed the morphological variation of bones in the oral and lower pharyngeal jaws to determine whether these structures permit the differentiation of species and to study possible functional implications. Morphological differences were quantified using canonical variates analysis, MANOVA, and paired comparisons. Differences in the number of pharyngeal teeth in the lower pharyngeal jaw were determined using an ANCOVA. The shape of the premaxilla and lower pharyngeal jaw proved useful for the delimitation of these species. Although the morphological variation between V. breidohri and V. hartwegi is minimal, the shapes of their lower pharyngeal jaws differ in morphospace. Vieja bifasciata possesses more teeth in the lower pharyngeal jaw when compared to the other species. Variation in these bones may affect jaw biomechanics and influence feeding behavior. However, these morphological differences contradict the weak genetic differentiation observed. The geographic isolation of V. bifasciata is likely related to its morphological differentiation. The close phylogenetic relationship between V. breidohri and V. hartwegi likely explains their low morphological divergence.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen La sistemática del género Vieja es compleja, incluye especies morfológicamente similares con poca diferenciación genética. La revisión de características morfológicas puede ser útil para clarificar su taxonomía. Se analizó la variación morfológica de los huesos de las mandíbulas oral y faríngea inferior para determinar si estas estructuras ayudan a delimitar a las especies y evaluar posibles implicaciones funcionales. Las diferencias morfológicas se cuantificaron con un análisis de variables canónicas, Manova y comparaciones pareadas. Se comparó el número de dientes faríngeos en la mandíbula faríngea inferior con un Ancova. La forma de la premaxila y la mandíbula faríngea inferior mostró ser útil para delimitar estas especies. Aunque la variación morfológica entre V. breidohri y V. hartwegi fue poca, la forma de la mandíbula faríngea inferior difiere en el morfoespacio. Vieja bifasciata es la especie que posee más dientes en la mandíbula faríngea inferior. La variación en estos huesos puede afectar la biomecánica de la mandíbula e influir en la conducta alimentaria. Las diferencias morfológicas contrastan con la escasa diferenciación genética observada. El aislamiento geográfico de V. bifasciata probablemente esté relacionado con su diferenciación morfológica. Las relaciones filogenéticas entre V. breidohri y V. hartwegi podrían explicar su baja divergencia morfológica.

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          Evolutionary Strategies and Morphological Innovations: Cichlid Pharyngeal Jaws

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            Integration and evolution of the cichlid mandible: the molecular basis of alternate feeding strategies.

            African cichlid fishes have repeatedly evolved highly specialized modes of feeding through adaptations of their oral jaws. Here, we explore the molecular genetic basis of the opening and closing lever mechanisms of the cichlid lower jaw, which have traditionally been used to describe the mechanics of feeding behavior in bony fishes. Quantitative genetic analyses demonstrate that the opening and closing mechanisms are genetically modular and therefore free to evolve independently. Bmp4 (bone morphogenetic protein 4) is one of two loci that segregate with the mechanical advantage of closing and that together account for >30% of the phenotypic variance in this trait. Species-specific differences in jaw shape are obvious early in cichlid larval development and are correlated with patterns of bmp4 expression in the mandibular primordium. When bmp4 is overexpressed in the obligate suction feeder Danio rerio, mandibular morphology exhibits specific transformations of opening and closing lever ratios. We conclude that patterns of morphological integration of the cichlid jaw reflect a balance among conflicting functional demands. Further, we demonstrate that bmp4 has the potential to alter mandibular morphology in a way that mimics adaptive variation among fish species.
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              Directional selection has shaped the oral jaws of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes.

              East African cichlid fishes represent one of the most striking examples of rapid and convergent evolutionary radiation among vertebrates. Models of ecological speciation would suggest that functional divergence in feeding morphology has contributed to the origin and maintenance of cichlid species diversity. However, definitive evidence for the action of natural selection has been missing. Here we use quantitative genetics to identify regions of the cichlid genome responsible for functionally important shape differences in the oral jaw apparatus. The consistent direction of effects for individual quantitative trait loci suggest that cichlid jaws and teeth evolved in response to strong, divergent selection. Moreover, several chromosomal regions contain a disproportionate number of quantitative trait loci, indicating a prominent role for pleiotropy or genetic linkage in the divergence of this character complex. Of particular interest are genomic intervals with concerted effects on both the length and height of the lower jaw. Coordinated changes in this area of the oral jaw apparatus are predicted to have direct consequences for the speed and strength of jaw movement. Taken together, our results imply that the rapid and replicative nature of cichlid trophic evolution is the result of directional selection on chromosomal packages that encode functionally linked aspects of the craniofacial skeleton.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rmbiodiv
                Revista mexicana de biodiversidad
                Rev. Mex. Biodiv.
                Instituto de Biología (México, DF, Mexico )
                1870-3453
                2007-8706
                2022
                : 93
                : e933861
                Affiliations
                [3] Ciudad del Carmen Campeche orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Carmen orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Naturales orgdiv2Centro de Investigación de Ciencias Ambientales Mexico
                [1] San Cristóbal de Las Casas Chiapas orgnameEl Colegio de la Frontera Sur orgdiv1Departamento Conservación de la Biodiversidad Mexico
                [2] Tuxtla Gutiérrez orgnameUniversidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas orgdiv2Laboratorio de diversidad acuática y biogeografía Mexico
                Article
                S1870-34532022000100408 S1870-3453(22)09300000408
                10.22201/ib.20078706e.2022.93.3861
                804553cd-21cc-4d39-bd12-e47c63147b60

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 15 December 2020
                : 05 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 65, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Taxonomy and systematics

                Sympatric species,Centroamérica,Especies simpátridas,Osteología,Morfología funcional,Cuenca Grijalva-Usumacinta,Central America,Osteology,Functional morphology,Grijalva-Usumacinta Basin

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