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      LncRNAs regulate metabolism in cancer

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          Abstract

          Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer. Mammalian genome is characterized by pervasive transcription, generating abundant non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are freshly discovered functional ncRNAs exerting extensive regulatory impact through diverse mechanisms. Emerging studies have revealed widespread roles of lncRNAs in the regulation of various cellular activities, including metabolic pathways. In this review, we summarize the latest advances regarding the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in cancer metabolism, particularly their roles in mitochondrial function, glucose, glutamine, and lipid metabolism. Moreover, we discuss the clinical application and challenges of targeting lncRNAs in cancer metabolism. Understanding the complex and special behavior of lncRNAs will allow a better depiction of cancer metabolic networks and permit the development of lncRNA-based clinical therapies by targeting cancer metabolism.

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          Most cited references65

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          On the origin of cancer cells.

          O WARBURG (1956)
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            ROS as signalling molecules: mechanisms that generate specificity in ROS homeostasis.

            Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to be toxic but also function as signalling molecules. This biological paradox underlies mechanisms that are important for the integrity and fitness of living organisms and their ageing. The pathways that regulate ROS homeostasis are crucial for mitigating the toxicity of ROS and provide strong evidence about specificity in ROS signalling. By taking advantage of the chemistry of ROS, highly specific mechanisms have evolved that form the basis of oxidant scavenging and ROS signalling systems.
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              Dependency of a therapy-resistant state of cancer cells on a lipid peroxidase pathway

              Plasticity of the cell state has been proposed to drive resistance to multiple classes of cancer therapies, thereby limiting their effectiveness. A high-mesenchymal cell state observed in human tumours and cancer cell lines has been associated with resistance to multiple treatment modalities across diverse cancer lineages, but the mechanistic underpinning for this state has remained incompletely understood. Here we molecularly characterize this therapy-resistant high-mesenchymal cell state in human cancer cell lines and organoids and show that it depends on a druggable lipid-peroxidase pathway that protects against ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic form of cell death induced by the build-up of toxic lipid peroxides. We show that this cell state is characterized by activity of enzymes that promote the synthesis of polyunsaturated lipids. These lipids are the substrates for lipid peroxidation by lipoxygenase enzymes. This lipid metabolism creates a dependency on pathways converging on the phospholipid glutathione peroxidase (GPX4), a selenocysteine-containing enzyme that dissipates lipid peroxides and thereby prevents the iron-mediated reactions of peroxides that induce ferroptotic cell death. Dependency on GPX4 was found to exist across diverse therapy-resistant states characterized by high expression of ZEB1, including epithelial–mesenchymal transition in epithelial-derived carcinomas, TGFβ-mediated therapy-resistance in melanoma, treatment-induced neuroendocrine transdifferentiation in prostate cancer, and sarcomas, which are fixed in a mesenchymal state owing to their cells of origin. We identify vulnerability to ferroptic cell death induced by inhibition of a lipid peroxidase pathway as a feature of therapy-resistant cancer cells across diverse mesenchymal cell-state contexts.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Biol Sci
                Int. J. Biol. Sci
                ijbs
                International Journal of Biological Sciences
                Ivyspring International Publisher (Sydney )
                1449-2288
                2020
                10 February 2020
                : 16
                : 7
                : 1194-1206
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Key Lab of Biotherapy in Zhejiang, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, China
                [2 ]Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang, China
                [3 ]Department of Pathology, Affiliated Dongyang Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang 322100, Zhejiang, China
                [4 ]Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, Zhejiang, China
                [5 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhejiang Xiaoshan Hospital, Hangzhou 311201, Zhejiang, China
                Author notes
                ✉ Corresponding authors: Qiyin Zhou, Ph.D., Email: zhouqiyin@ 123456zju.edu.cn . Hongchuan Jin, M.D., Ph.D., Email: jinhc@ 123456zju.edu.cn

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.

                Article
                ijbsv16p1194
                10.7150/ijbs.40769
                7053319
                32174794
                7fc51867-1615-4689-9068-33c12767e0f3
                © The author(s)

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). See http://ivyspring.com/terms for full terms and conditions.

                History
                : 29 September 2019
                : 18 January 2020
                Categories
                Review

                Life sciences
                long non-coding rna,cancer,metabolism
                Life sciences
                long non-coding rna, cancer, metabolism

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