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      Unexpected coseismic surface uplift at Tirúa-Mocha Island area of south Chile before and during the Mw 8.8 Maule 2010 earthquake: a possible upper plate splay fault Translated title: Alzamiento cosísmico superficial inesperado en el área de Tirúa-isla Mocha del sur de Chile antes y durante el terremoto de Maule Mw=8,8 de 2010: una probable falla subsidiaria en la placa superior

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT The Tirúa-Mocha Island area (38.2°-38.4° S) in southern Chile has been affected by two megaearthquakes in only 50 years: the 1960 Mw=9.5 Valdivia earthquake and 2010 Mw=8.8 Maule earthquake. We studied in the field the vertical ground movements occurred during the interseismic period between both earthquakes and the coseismic period of 2010 Maule earthquake and 2011 Mw=7.1 Araucanía earthquake. During the 1960 earthquake, vertical coseismic ground movements are typical of subduction related earthquakes with Mocha Island, located close to the trench, experienced bigger ground uplift (150 cm) than that occurred in Tirúa (-20 cm), place located in the continental margin at the latitude of Mocha Island. Then during the 1960-2010 interseismic period, the 1960 coseismic uplift remained at Mocha Island unlike the normal interseismic subsidence that occurred northward at Arauco Peninsula and Santa María Island. Also Tirúa experienced the biggest interseismic uplift (180 cm) in all the area affected later by 2010 Maule earthquake. Then during the 2010 Mw=8.8 Maule earthquake an anomalous vertical coseismic ground uplift occurred in the study area, opposite to that of 1960 since Mocha Island experienced lower (25 cm) ground uplift than Tirúa (90 cm). Subsequently, during the Araucanía 2011 earthquake a ground uplift in Mocha Island (50 cm) and subsidence at Tirúa (20 cm) occurred. These unexpected vertical ground movements can be explained by the existence of an upper plate splay fault located below the sea bottom between Tirúa and Mocha Island: the Tirúa-Mocha splay fault. Considering the last seismic cycle, the activity of this fault would have started after the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. During 2010 Maule earthquake, the main slip occurred at Tirúa Mocha splay fault. Finally during 2011 Araucanía earthquake, the slip occurred mainly at the updip of Wadati-Benioff plane with probable normal activity of Tirúa-Mocha splay fault. Simple elastic dislocation models considering the Wadati-Benioff plane and the Tirúa-Mocha splay fault activity, can account for all the vertical ground movements observed during 1960 earthquake, the 1960-2010 interseismic period, the 2010 Maule earthquake and the 2011 Araucanía earthquake.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN El área de Tirúa-Isla Mocha (38,2° S-38,4° S) ubicada en el sur de Chile ha sido afectada por dos megaterremotos en solo 50 años: el terremoto de Valdivia Mw=9,5 de 1960 y el terremoto del Maule Mw=8,8 de 2010. Se estudiaron en el campo los movimientos verticales del terreno asociados al período intersísmico entre estos terremotos y los cosísmicos relacionados con los terremotos del Maule 2010 y Araucanía 2011 Mw=7,1. Durante el terremoto de 1960, los movimientos cosísmicos verticales del terreno fueron los esperados, ya que la isla Mocha, localizada cerca de la fosa experimentó mayor alzamiento (150 cm) que Tirúa (-20 cm), localidad situada en el margen continental frente a esta isla. Luego, durante el período intersísmico (1960-2010), el alzamiento cosísmico de 1960 permaneció en la isla Mocha a diferencia de la subsidencia intersísmica normal que ocurrió más al norte en la península de Arauco e isla Santa María. Además, Tirúa experimentó la mayor tasa de alzamiento intersísmico (180 cm) en el área afectada posteriormente por el terremoto de Maule de 2010. Después en el terremoto del Maule Mw=8,8 de 2010, ocurrió un alzamiento cosísmico vertical anómalo opuesto al de 1960, donde la isla Mocha experimentó menor alzamiento (25 cm) que Tirúa (90 cm). Más tarde durante el terremoto de Araucanía del año 2011, ocurrió un alzamiento del terreno en isla Mocha (50 cm) y subsidencia en Tirúa (20 cm). Estas anomalías pueden ser explicadas por la existencia de una falla subsidiaria en la placa superior, localizada bajo el piso oceánico entre Tirúa y la Isla Mocha: la falla subsidiaria Tirúa-Mocha. Considerando el último ciclo sísmico, la actividad de esta falla habría comenzado después del terremoto de Valdivia de 1960. Durante el terremoto de Maule de 2010, el deslizamiento principal ocurrió en la falla subsidiaria Tirúa-Mocha. Finalmente durante el terremoto de Araucanía de 2011, el deslizamiento ocurrió principalmente en la parte superior del plano de Wadati-Benioff con probable actividad normal de la falla subsidiaria Tirúa-Mocha. Modelos de dislocación elástica simples, considerando el plano de Wadati-Benioff y la falla subsidiaria de Tirúa-Mocha y su actividad, explican todos los movimientos verticales del período intersísmico 1960-2010, y los cosísmicos de los terremotos del Maule del 2010 y Araucanía del 2011.

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          Three-Dimensional Splay Fault Geometry and Implications for Tsunami Generation

          Megasplay faults, very long thrust faults that rise from the subduction plate boundary megathrust and intersect the sea floor at the landward edge of the accretionary prism, are thought to play a role in tsunami genesis. We imaged a megasplay thrust system along the Nankai Trough in three dimensions, which allowed us to map the splay fault geometry and its lateral continuity. The megasplay is continuous from the main plate interface fault upwards to the sea floor, where it cuts older thrust slices of the frontal accretionary prism. The thrust geometry and evidence of large-scale slumping of surficial sediments show that the fault is active and that the activity has evolved toward the landward direction with time, contrary to the usual seaward progression of accretionary thrusts. The megasplay fault has progressively steepened, substantially increasing the potential for vertical uplift of the sea floor with slip. We conclude that slip on the megasplay fault most likely contributed to generating devastating historic tsunamis, such as the 1944 moment magnitude 8.1 Tonankai event, and it is this geometry that makes this margin and others like it particularly prone to tsunami genesis.
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            Space-geodetic estimation of the nazca-south america euler vector

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              The 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule megathrust earthquake of Central Chile, monitored by GPS.

              Large earthquakes produce crustal deformation that can be quantified by geodetic measurements, allowing for the determination of the slip distribution on the fault. We used data from Global Positioning System (GPS) networks in Central Chile to infer the static deformation and the kinematics of the 2010 moment magnitude (M(w)) 8.8 Maule megathrust earthquake. From elastic modeling, we found a total rupture length of ~500 kilometers where slip (up to 15 meters) concentrated on two main asperities situated on both sides of the epicenter. We found that rupture reached shallow depths, probably extending up to the trench. Resolvable afterslip occurred in regions of low coseismic slip. The low-frequency hypocenter is relocated 40 kilometers southwest of initial estimates. Rupture propagated bilaterally at about 3.1 kilometers per second, with possible but not fully resolved velocity variations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                andgeol
                Andean geology
                AndGeo
                Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN) (Santiago, , Chile )
                0718-7106
                May 2020
                : 47
                : 2
                : 295-315
                Affiliations
                [2] Concepción Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Geografía orgdiv2Departamento de Geografía Chile edjaque@ 123456udec.cl
                [4] Mar del Plata orgnameInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras orgdiv1Instituto de Geología de Costas y del Cuaternario Argentina fisla@ 123456mdp.edu.ar
                [1] Concepción Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Químicas orgdiv2Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra Chile jquezad@ 123456udec.cl
                [3] Concepción Bío-Bío orgnameUniversidad de Concepción orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas orgdiv2Departamento de Geofísica Chile abelmonte@ 123456dgeo.udec.cl
                Article
                S0718-71062020000200295 S0718-7106(20)04700200295
                10.5027/andgeov47n2-3057
                7fb022a4-da31-4734-bb6b-ab90bc63b311

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 September 2019
                : 17 April 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 21
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                RESEARCH ARTICLE

                Isla Mocha,Chile,Terremoto de Araucanía 2011,Benioff,Alzamiento anómalo,Maule 2010 earthquake,Tirua,Wadati Benioff,Araucanía 2011 earthquake,Splay fault,Anomalous uplift,Terremoto del Maule 2010,Wadati,Falla subsidiaria

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