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      Causal role of infectious agents in cancer: An overview

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          Abstract

          Cancer is a complex group of diseases with multiple eventual causes. The underlying causes are not fully known. Thus, learning more about the known causes of cancer is an important issue. Moreover, among these factors, infection and its association to cancers is controversial. Although, it seems that the genome instability of the cells can initiate cancer development. The purpose of this review was to present the role of infection in the development of cancer. Infectious agents, such as hepatitis B (HBV) and C viruses (HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Streptococcus bovis (S. bovis) contribute to the pathogenesis of different cancers. These cancers include hepatocellular carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cervical cancers, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Kaposi sarcoma, adenocarcinoma and lymphoma. Screenings of infectious diseases in cancer patients may open up areas of research in the identification of optimizing cancer control strategies.

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          Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: new estimates of age-specific antibody to HCV seroprevalence.

          Khayriyyah Mohd Hanafiah, Justina Groeger, Abraham Flaxman … (2013)
          In efforts to inform public health decision makers, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 (GBD2010) Study aims to estimate the burden of disease using available parameters. This study was conducted to collect and analyze available prevalence data to be used for estimating the hepatitis C virus (HCV) burden of disease. In this systematic review, antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) seroprevalence data from 232 articles were pooled to estimate age-specific seroprevalence curves in 1990 and 2005, and to produce age-standardized prevalence estimates for each of 21 GBD regions using a model-based meta-analysis. This review finds that globally the prevalence and number of people with anti-HCV has increased from 2.3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 2.1%-2.5%) to 2.8% (95% UI: 2.6%-3.1%) and >122 million to >185 million between 1990 and 2005. Central and East Asia and North Africa/Middle East are estimated to have high prevalence (>3.5%); South and Southeast Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Andean, Central, and Southern Latin America, Caribbean, Oceania, Australasia, and Central, Eastern, and Western Europe have moderate prevalence (1.5%-3.5%); whereas Asia Pacific, Tropical Latin America, and North America have low prevalence (<1.5%). The high prevalence of global HCV infection necessitates renewed efforts in primary prevention, including vaccine development, as well as new approaches to secondary and tertiary prevention to reduce the burden of chronic liver disease and to improve survival for those who already have evidence of liver disease. Copyright © 2012 American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
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            HIV infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention.

            Gary Maartens, Connie Celum, Sharon R. Lewin (2014)
            HIV prevalence is increasing worldwide because people on antiretroviral therapy are living longer, although new infections decreased from 3.3 million in 2002, to 2.3 million in 2012. Global AIDS-related deaths peaked at 2.3 million in 2005, and decreased to 1.6 million by 2012. An estimated 9.7 million people in low-income and middle-income countries had started antiretroviral therapy by 2012. New insights into the mechanisms of latent infection and the importance of reservoirs of infection might eventually lead to a cure. The role of immune activation in the pathogenesis of non-AIDS clinical events (major causes of morbidity and mortality in people on antiretroviral therapy) is receiving increased recognition. Breakthroughs in the prevention of HIV important to public health include male medical circumcision, antiretrovirals to prevent mother-to-child transmission, antiretroviral therapy in people with HIV to prevent transmission, and antiretrovirals for pre-exposure prophylaxis. Research into other prevention interventions, notably vaccines and vaginal microbicides, is in progress. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Mechanisms of human papillomavirus-induced oncogenesis.

              Karl Munger, Amy Baldwin, Kirsten Edwards … (2004)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Caspian J Intern Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Caspian J Intern Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CJIM
                Title: Caspian Journal of Internal Medicine
                Publisher: Babol University of Medical Sciences (Babol, Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 2008-6164
                ISSN (Electronic): 2008-6172
                Publication date (Print): Summer 2017
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 153-158
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Soheil Ebrahimpour, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran. E-mail: drsoheil1503@yahoo.com, Tel: 0098 1132207918, Fax: 0098 1132207918
                Article
                DOI: 10.22088/cjim.8.3.153
                PMC ID: 5596184
                PubMed ID: 28932365
                SO-VID: 7f6cea14-d4b7-4888-9341-be0e0f845c98
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 14 May 2017
                Date revision received : 29 May 2017
                Date accepted : 12 June 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: infection,cancer,prevention,virus,bacteria
                Data availability:
                Keywords: infection, cancer, prevention, virus, bacteria

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