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      Eosinophils from A to Z

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          Abstract

          Eosinophils are bone marrow‐derived granulocytes and are found in low numbers in the peripheral blood of healthy subjects. In type 2 inflammatory diseases, eosinopoiesis in the bone marrow is increased, resulting in a rise in the number of mature eosinophils released in the circulation. From the blood, eosinophils can migrate in multiple tissues and organs under both physiological and pathological conditions. Eosinophils exert their various functions through the synthesis and release of a variety of granule proteins and pro‐inflammatory mediators. Despite being present in all species of vertebrates, the functional role of eosinophils is still a matter of debate. Eosinophils may play a role in host defense against various pathogens. In addition, eosinophils have been reported to be involved in tissue homeostasis and exhibit immunomodulatory activities. In this review, we aim to provide a broad overview of eosinophil biology and eosinophilic diseases in a lexicon‐style format using keywords starting from A until Z with cross‐references to other chapters indicated in italics in the text or specified in parentheses.

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          Cell signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases.

          Recent structural studies of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have revealed unexpected diversity in the mechanisms of their activation by growth factor ligands. Strategies for inducing dimerization by ligand binding are surprisingly diverse, as are mechanisms that couple this event to activation of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domains. As our understanding of these details becomes increasingly sophisticated, it provides an important context for therapeutically countering the effects of pathogenic RTK mutations in cancer and other diseases. Much remains to be learned, however, about the complex signaling networks downstream from RTKs and how alterations in these networks are translated into cellular responses.
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            CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11/CXCR3 axis for immune activation - A target for novel cancer therapy.

            Chemokines are proteins which induce chemotaxis, promote differentiation of immune cells, and cause tissue extravasation. Given these properties, their role in anti-tumor immune response in the cancer environment is of great interest. Although immunotherapy has shown clinical benefit for some cancer patients, other patients do not respond. One of the mechanisms of resistance to checkpoint inhibitors may be chemokine signaling. The CXCL9, -10, -11/CXCR3 axis regulates immune cell migration, differentiation, and activation, leading to tumor suppression (paracrine axis). However, there are some reports that show involvements of this axis in tumor growth and metastasis (autocrine axis). Thus, a better understanding of CXCL9, -10, -11/CXCR3 axis is necessary to develop effective cancer control. In this article, we summarize recent evidence regarding CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11/CXCR3 axis in the immune system and discuss their potential role in cancer treatment.
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              Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety in Moderate-to-Severe Uncontrolled Asthma

              Dupilumab is a fully human anti-interleukin-4 receptor α monoclonal antibody that blocks both interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 signaling. We assessed its efficacy and safety in patients with uncontrolled asthma.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                Allergy
                Allergy
                Wiley
                0105-4538
                1398-9995
                July 2023
                May 07 2023
                July 2023
                : 78
                : 7
                : 1810-1846
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute of Pharmacology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
                [2 ] Department of Dermatology Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern Bern Switzerland
                [3 ] Institute of Biochemistry, Brandenburg Medical School Neuruppin Germany
                Article
                10.1111/all.15751
                37102676
                7e3440b2-7f84-41af-a796-999314957596
                © 2023

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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