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      HPV and head and neck cancers: Towards early diagnosis and prevention

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          Abstract

          Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with an increasing trend of its incidence. Alcohol consumption, smoking, and viral infections, such as the mucosal high-risk (HR) human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are major risk factors for HNSCC development. In particular, HR HPVs are mainly associated with a subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), while other head and neck sites are marginally affected by HPV infection. HPV16 is the most frequently HR HPV type associated with HNSCC. In contrast to the cervix, no screening programs or identifiable pre-malignant lesions have been characterized for HPV-related HNSCC. Therefore, identification of general diagnostic algorithms and HPV biomarkers that could facilitate the early diagnosis, disease evolution and recurrence for HPV-driven HNSCCs are urgently needed. We herein review the role of HPV in HNSCC with a focus on epidemiology, biology, applied diagnostic algorithms and available biomarkers in body fluids as early diagnostic tools in HPV-driven HNSCCs.

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          Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries

          Hyuna Sung, Jacques Ferlay, Rebecca Siegel … (2021)
          This article provides an update on the global cancer burden using the GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates of cancer incidence and mortality produced by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Worldwide, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and almost 10.0 million cancer deaths (9.9 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred in 2020. Female breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases (11.7%), followed by lung (11.4%), colorectal (10.0 %), prostate (7.3%), and stomach (5.6%) cancers. Lung cancer remained the leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 1.8 million deaths (18%), followed by colorectal (9.4%), liver (8.3%), stomach (7.7%), and female breast (6.9%) cancers. Overall incidence was from 2-fold to 3-fold higher in transitioned versus transitioning countries for both sexes, whereas mortality varied <2-fold for men and little for women. Death rates for female breast and cervical cancers, however, were considerably higher in transitioning versus transitioned countries (15.0 vs 12.8 per 100,000 and 12.4 vs 5.2 per 100,000, respectively). The global cancer burden is expected to be 28.4 million cases in 2040, a 47% rise from 2020, with a larger increase in transitioning (64% to 95%) versus transitioned (32% to 56%) countries due to demographic changes, although this may be further exacerbated by increasing risk factors associated with globalization and a growing economy. Efforts to build a sustainable infrastructure for the dissemination of cancer prevention measures and provision of cancer care in transitioning countries is critical for global cancer control.
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            Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012.

            Jacques Ferlay, Isabelle Soerjomataram, Rajesh Dikshit … (2015)
            Estimates of the worldwide incidence and mortality from 27 major cancers and for all cancers combined for 2012 are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We review the sources and methods used in compiling the national cancer incidence and mortality estimates, and briefly describe the key results by cancer site and in 20 large "areas" of the world. Overall, there were 14.1 million new cases and 8.2 million deaths in 2012. The most commonly diagnosed cancers were lung (1.82 million), breast (1.67 million), and colorectal (1.36 million); the most common causes of cancer death were lung cancer (1.6 million deaths), liver cancer (745,000 deaths), and stomach cancer (723,000 deaths). © 2014 UICC.
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              Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

              Daniel E. Johnson, Barbara Burtness, C. René Leemans … (2020)
              Most head and neck cancers are derived from the mucosal epithelium in the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx and are known collectively as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Oral cavity and larynx cancers are generally associated with tobacco consumption, alcohol abuse or both, whereas pharynx cancers are increasingly attributed to infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), primarily HPV-16. Thus, HNSCC can be separated into HPV-negative or HPV-positive HNSCC. Despite evidence of histological progression from cellular atypia through various degrees of dysplasia, ultimately leading to invasive HNSCC, most patients are diagnosed with late-stage HNSCC without a clinically evident antecedent premalignant lesion. Traditional staging of HNSCC using the tumour-node-metastasis system has been supplemented by the 2017 AJCC/UICC staging system, which incorporated additional information relevant to HPV-positive disease. The treatment approach is generally multimodal, consisting of surgery followed by chemotherapy plus radiation (chemoradiation or CRT) for oral cavity cancers and primary CRT for pharynx and larynx cancers. The EGFR monoclonal antibody cetuximab is generally used in combination with radiation in HPV-negative HNSCC where co-morbidities prevent the use of cytotoxic chemotherapy. The FDA approved the immune checkpoint inhibitors pembrolizumab and nivolumab for treatment of recurrent or metastatic HNSCC and pembrolizumab as primary treatment for unresectable disease. Elucidation of the molecular genetic landscape of HNSCC over the past decade has revealed new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Ongoing efforts aim to integrate our understanding of HNSCC biology and immunobiology to identify predictive biomarkers that will enable delivery of the most effective, least toxic therapies.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tarik Gheit
                Massimo Tommasino
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Tumour Virus Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Tumour Virus Res
                Title: Tumour Virus Research
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2666-6790
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 August 2022
                Publication date Collection: December 2022
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 August 2022
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 200245
                Affiliations
                [a ]International Agency for Research on Cancer, F-69372, Lyon, France
                [b ]Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20139, Milan, Italy
                [c ]Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141, Milan, Italy
                [d ]Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
                [e ]Unit of Cancer Epidemiology/Belgian Cancer Centre, Sciensano, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
                [f ]Department of Human Structure and Repair, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 cours Albert Thomas, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France. m.tommasino@ 123456oncologico.bari.it
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. gheitt@ 123456iarc.fr
                [1]

                Present affiliation: IRCCS Istituto Tumori Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy.

                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2666-6790(22)00011-8 Publisher ID: 200245
                DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200245
                PMC ID: 9420391
                PubMed ID: 35973657
                SO-VID: 7e1dc916-827c-4f1c-8825-fe9ab2f9e38e
                Copyright © © 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/).

                History
                Date received : 10 May 2022
                Date revision received : 29 July 2022
                Date accepted : 8 August 2022
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                Keywords: hpv,hnc,hnscc,biomarkers,liquid biopsy,cancer of the oropharynx,early diagnosis,diagnostic algorithm,hnscc, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma,hnc, head and neck cancer,hr, high-risk,opscc, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma,hpv, human papillomavirus,cfdna, circulating free dna,ish, in situ hybridization,ihc, immunohistochemistry,cc, cervical cancer,ffpe, formalin fixed paraffin embedded
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hpv, hnc, hnscc, biomarkers, liquid biopsy, cancer of the oropharynx, early diagnosis, diagnostic algorithm, hnscc, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, hnc, head and neck cancer, hr, high-risk, opscc, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, hpv, human papillomavirus, cfdna, circulating free dna, ish, in situ hybridization, ihc, immunohistochemistry, cc, cervical cancer, ffpe, formalin fixed paraffin embedded

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