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      Blue Light Improves Vase Life of Carnation Cut Flowers Through Its Effect on the Antioxidant Defense System

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          Abstract

          Improving marketability and extension of vase life of cut flowers has practical significance for the development of the cut flower industry. Although considerable efforts have been made over many years to improve the vase life of cut flowers through controlling the immediate environment and through post-harvest use of floral preservatives, the impact of lighting environment on vase life has been largely overlooked. In the current study, the effect of three LED light spectra [white (400–730 nm), blue (peak at 460 nm), and red (peak at 660 nm)] at 150 μmol m –2 s –1 on vase life and on physiological and biochemical characteristics of carnation cut flowers was investigated. Exposure to blue light (BL) considerably delayed senescence and improved vase life over that of flowers exposed to red light (RL) and white light (WL). H 2O 2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in petals gradually increased during vase life; the increase was lowest in BL-exposed flowers. As a consequence, BL-exposed flowers maintained a higher membrane stability index (MSI) compared to RL- and WL-exposed flowers. A higher activity of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] was detected in petals of BL-exposed flowers, compared to their activities in RL- and WL-exposed flowers. In BL-exposed flowers, the decline in petal carotenoid contents was delayed in comparison to RL- and WL-exposed flowers. Maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and a higher percentage of open stomata were observed in leaves of BL-exposed flowers. Sucrose and glucose contents accumulated in petals during vase life; sugar concentrations were higher in BL-exposed flowers than in RL- and WL-exposed flowers. It is concluded that BL exposure improves the vase life of carnation cut flowers through its effect on the antioxidant defense system in petals and on photosynthetic performance in the leaves.

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          Blue Light-emitting Diode Light Irradiation of Seedlings Improves Seedling Quality and Growth after Transplanting in Red Leaf Lettuce

          Masahumi Johkan, Kazuhiro Shoji, Fumiyuki Goto … (2010)
          In this study, we determined the effects of raising seedlings with different light spectra such as with blue, red, and blue + red light-emitting diode (LED) lights on seedling quality and yield of red leaf lettuce plants. The light treatments we used were applied for a period of 1 week and consisted of 100 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of blue light, simultaneous irradiation with 50 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of blue light and 50 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of red light, and 100 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 of red light. At the end of the light treatment, that is 17 days after sowing (DAS), the leaf area and shoot fresh weight (FW) of the lettuce seedlings treated with red light increased by 33% and 25%, respectively, and the dry weight of the shoots and roots of the lettuce seedlings treated with blue-containing LED lights increased by greater than 29% and greater than 83% compared with seedlings grown under a white fluorescent lamp (FL). The shoot/root ratio and specific leaf area of plants irradiated with blue-containing LED lights decreased. At 45 DAS, higher leaf areas and FWs were obtained in lettuce plants treated with blue-containing LED lights. The total chlorophyll (Chl) contents in lettuce plants treated with blue-containing and red lights were less than that of lettuce plants treated with FL, but the Chl a / b ratio and carotenoid content increased under blue-containing LED lights. Polyphenol contents and the total antioxidant status (TAS) were greater in lettuce seedlings treated with blue-containing LED lights than in those treated with FL at 17 DAS. The higher polyphenol contents and TAS in lettuce seedlings at 17 DAS decreased in lettuce plants at 45 DAS. In conclusion, our results indicate that raising seedlings treated with blue light promoted the growth of lettuce plants after transplanting. This is likely because of high shoot and root biomasses, a high content of photosynthetic pigments, and high antioxidant activities in the lettuce seedlings before transplanting. The compact morphology of lettuce seedlings treated with blue LED light would be also useful for transplanting.
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            Physiology and molecular biology of petal senescence.

            Ernst J Woltering, A G J van der Zee (2007)
            Petal senescence is reviewed, with the main emphasis on gene expression in relation to physiological functions. Autophagy seems to be the major mechanism for large-scale degradation of macromolecules, but it is still unclear if it contributes to cell death. Depending on the species, petal senescence is controlled by ethylene or is independent of this hormone. EIN3-like (EIL) transcription factors are crucial in ethylene-regulated senescence. The presence of adequate sugar levels in the cell delays senescence and prevents an increase in the levels of EIL mRNA and the subsequent up-regulation of numerous senescence-associated genes. A range of other transcription factors and regulators are differentially expressed in ethylene-sensitive and ethylene-insensitive petal senescence. Ethylene-independent senescence is often delayed by cytokinins, but it is still unknown whether these are natural regulators. A role for caspase-like enzymes or metacaspases has as yet not been established in petal senescence, and a role for proteins released by organelles such as the mitochondrion has not been shown. The synthesis of sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids, and the degradation of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, fatty acids, and cell wall components are discussed. It is claimed that there is not enough experimental support for the widely held view that a gradual increase in cell leakiness, resulting from gradual plasma membrane degradation, is an important event in petal senescence. Rather, rupture of the vacuolar membrane and subsequent rapid, complete degradation of the plasma membrane seems to occur. This review recommends that more detailed analysis be carried out at the level of cells and organelles rather than at that of whole petals.
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              Tolerance of Drought and Temperature Stress in Relation to Increased Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Wheat

              P. S. Deshmukh, D. Shukla, R. K. Sairam (1997)
              Article 0 comments Cited 85 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Plant Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Plant Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Plant Sci.
                Title: Frontiers in Plant Science
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-462X
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 May 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: 511
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Photosynthesis Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Aburaihan Campus, University of Tehran , Tehran, Iran
                [2] 2Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Floriculture, Leibniz University Hannover , Hannover, Germany
                [3] 3Wageningen Food & Biobased Research , Wageningen, Netherlands
                [4] 4Horticulture and Product Physiology, Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen, Netherlands
                [5] 5Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Patrícia Duarte De Oliveira Paiva, Federal University of Lavras, Brazil

                Reviewed by: Chao Ma, China Agricultural University, China; Roberta Paradiso, University of Naples Federico II, Italy

                *Correspondence: Sasan Aliniaeifard, aliniaeifard@ 123456ut.ac.ir

                This article was submitted to Crop and Product Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00511
                PMC ID: 7326070
                PubMed ID: 32670299
                SO-VID: 7e0776f7-dd15-46f3-901c-d87ad49a63fb
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 Aalifar, Aliniaeifard, Arab, Zare Mehrjerdi, Dianati Daylami, Serek, Woltering and Li.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 18 December 2019
                Date accepted : 06 April 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 10, Tables: 1, Equations: 2, References: 86, Pages: 13, Words: 0
                Categories
                Subject: Plant Science
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: antioxidant enzymes,carnation,light spectrum,oxidative stress,radiation,vase life
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany
                Keywords: antioxidant enzymes, carnation, light spectrum, oxidative stress, radiation, vase life

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