Self-disseminating vaccines for emerging infectious diseases

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Abstract

Modern human activity fueled by economic development is profoundly altering our relationship with microorganisms. This altered interaction with microbes is believed to be the major driving force behind the increased rate of emerging infectious diseases from animals. The spate of recent infectious disease outbreaks, including Ebola virus disease and Middle East respiratory syndrome, emphasize the need for development of new innovative tools to manage these emerging diseases. Disseminating vaccines are one such novel approach to potentially interrupt animal to human (zoonotic) transmission of these pathogens.

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Most cited references 52

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Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction

Gerardo Ceballos, Paul Ehrlich, Anthony D. Barnosky … (2015)

Humans are causing a massive animal extinction without precedent in 65 million years.

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Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia.

Ryan Coleman, Martin Meltzer, Isabel M. Miranda … (2005)

To quantify the public health and economic burden of endemic canine rabies in Africa and Asia. Data from these regions were applied to a set of linked epidemiological and economic models. The human population at risk from endemic canine rabies was predicted using data on dog density, and human rabies deaths were estimated using a series of probability steps to determine the likelihood of clinical rabies developing in a person after being bitten by a dog suspected of having rabies. Model outputs on mortality and morbidity associated with rabies were used to calculate an improved disability-adjusted life year (DALY) score for the disease. The total societal cost incurred by the disease is presented. Human mortality from endemic canine rabies was estimated to be 55 000 deaths per year (90% confidence interval (CI) = 24 000-93 000). Deaths due to rabies are responsible for 1.74 million DALYs lost each year (90% CI = 0.75-2.93). An additional 0.04 million DALYs are lost through morbidity and mortality following side-effects of nerve-tissue vaccines. The estimated annual cost of rabies is USD 583.5 million (90% CI = USD 540.1-626.3 million). Patient-borne costs for post-exposure treatment form the bulk of expenditure, accounting for nearly half the total costs of rabies. Rabies remains an important yet neglected disease in Africa and Asia. Disparities in the affordability and accessibility of post-exposure treatment and risks of exposure to rabid dogs result in a skewed distribution of the disease burden across society, with the major impact falling on those living in poor rural communities, in particular children.

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Effector-memory T cell responses are associated with protection of rhesus monkeys from mucosal SIV challenge

Scott G Hansen, Cassandra Vieville, Nathan Whizin … (2009)

The rapid onset of massive, systemic viral replication during primary HIV/SIV infection and the immune evasion capabilities of these viruses pose fundamental problems for vaccines that depend upon initial viral replication to stimulate effector T cell expansion and differentiation1–5. We hypothesized that vaccines designed to maintain differentiated “effector memory” T cell (TEM) responses5,6 at viral entry sites might improve efficacy by impairing viral replication at its earliest stage2, and have therefore developed SIV protein-encoding vectors based on rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV), the prototypical inducer of life-long TEM responses7–9. RhCMV vectors expressing SIV Gag, Rev/Nef/Tat, and Env persistently infected rhesus macaques (RM), regardless of pre-existing RhCMV immunity, and primed and maintained robust SIV-specific, CD4+ and CD8+ TEM responses (characterized by coordinate TNF, IFN-γ and MIP-1β expression, cytotoxic degranulation, and accumulation at extra-lymphoid sites) in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. Compared to control RM, these vaccinated RM showed increased resistance to acquisition of progressive SIVmac239 infection upon repeated, limiting dose, intra-rectal challenge, including four animals that controlled rectal mucosal infection without progressive systemic dissemination. These data suggest a new paradigm for AIDS vaccine development: that vaccines capable of generating and maintaining HIV-specific TEM might decrease the incidence of HIV acquisition after sexual exposure.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Expert Rev Vaccines

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Expert Rev Vaccines

Journal ID (archive): IERV

Journal ID (publisher-id): ierv20

Title: Expert Review of Vaccines

Publisher: Informa Healthcare

ISSN (Print): 1476-0584

ISSN (Electronic): 1744-8395

Publication date (Print): 2 January 2016

Publication date (Electronic): 2 November 2015

Volume: 15

Issue: 1

Pages: 31-39

Affiliations

[ ^a ]School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University , Plymouth, UK

[ ^b ]The Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University , Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia

Author notes

[* ]Author for correspondence: michael.jarvis@ 123456plymouth.ac.uk

Article

Publisher ID: 1106942

DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1106942

PMC ID: 4732410

PubMed ID: 26524478

SO-VID: 7dd66c67-98c2-4d60-81ad-732a73ee9776

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Page count

Tables: 1, References: 68, Pages: 9

Funding

Funded by: School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University

Funded by: The Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University

Funded by: Marie Skłodowska-Curie Programme

MA Jarvis and AA Murphy declare conflicts of interest: patents EP1766096B1, EP2497831B1 and application EP2772265A3 (MA Jarvis); and UK applications No. 1508136.7, No. 1514005.6 and No. 1514034.6 (MA Jarvis and AA Murphy). The authors would like to acknowledge support by the School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University (MA Jarvis and AA Murphy), The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Programme (MA Jarvis) and The Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University (AJ Redwood). The authors have no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript apart from those disclosed.

Self-disseminating vaccines for emerging infectious diseases

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Abstract

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Vaccines

Most cited references 52

Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction

Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia.

Effector-memory T cell responses are associated with protection of rhesus monkeys from mucosal SIV challenge

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