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      Additional evidence of the facultative intracellular nature of the fish bacterial pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis Translated title: Evidencia adicional de la naturaleza intracelular facultativa del patógeno bacteriano de peces Piscirickettsia salmonis

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          Abstract

          Piscirickettsia salmonis is a highly virulent and contagious microorganism that affects net pen-reared salmonid fish worldwide since the last third of the past century, with little knowledge about its intracellular survival mechanisms. Following a number of recent and non-conclusive reports which questioned its obligate intracellular condition, we decided to show additional evidence to challenge this well-established paradigm carrying on both basic biology as well as classical molecular experiments that confirm its facultative intracellular nature. In this report, we unequivocally demonstrate that the bacteria recovered from tissue culture amplification, in vitro grown agar plates or grown in liquid cultures, were the same organism and all of these isolates equally fulfils Koch’s postulates. In addition, genomic and proteomic analyses confirmed that bacteria from different growth source conditions belonged to the same LF89 prototype strain as originally described by Fryer in 1992. Notwithstanding, growth of the bacteria both in cell-free media as well as in tissue culture cell lines were definitively suboptimal, and much more analysis are required to fully understand the biology of the pathogen. Interestingly, we were able to grow the bacteria in liquid media but at very slow rate. We conclude that, in addition to previous reports, our results confirmed the facultative intracellular nature of this fish pathogen.

          Translated abstract

          Piscirickettsia salmonis es un microorganismo altamente contagioso y virulento que afecta a la salmonicultura mundial desde el último tercio del siglo pasado y del cual sus mecanismos de sobrevivencia intracelular son completamente desconocidos. Después de algunos reportes recientes en donde se cuestiona su condición de intracelular obligado, hemos decidido mostrar evidencia adicional para cambiar este paradigma, llevando a cabo experimentos tanto clásicos como moleculares que confirman su naturaleza de intracelular facultativo. En este reporte se demuestra inequívocamente que la bacteria recuperada desde cultivos celulares infectados, de placas de agar o de medio líquido, es el mismo organismo, el cual cumple con los postulados de Koch. Además, análisis genéticos y proteómicos confirman que la bacteria obtenida de diferentes fuentes de crecimiento corresponde a la misma cepa tipo LF-89, la que fue originalmente descrita por Fryer en 1992. Sin embargo, el crecimiento de la bacteria, tanto en medios libres de células como en cultivo celular, es subóptimo, por lo cual se requieren más análisis para entender completamente la biología del patógeno. Interesantemente, en este trabajo se logró la mantención de la bacteria en medio líquido, pero a una tasa muy baja de crecimiento. En conclusión, y sumado a reportes anteriores, hemos confirmado la naturaleza intracelular facultativa de este patógeno de peces de cultivo.

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          Chelex 100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for PCR-based typing from forensic material.

          Procedures utilizing Chelex 100 chelating resin have been developed for extracting DNA from forensic-type samples for use with the PCR. The procedures are simple, rapid, involve no organic solvents and do not require multiple tube transfers for most types of samples. The extraction of DNA from semen and very small bloodstains using Chelex 100 is as efficient or more efficient than using proteinase K and phenol-chloroform extraction. DNA extracted from bloodstains seems less prone to contain PCR inhibitors when prepared by this method. The Chelex method has been used with amplification and typing at the HLA DQ alpha locus to obtain the DQ alpha genotypes of many different types of samples, including whole blood, bloodstains, seminal stains, buccal swabs, hair and post-coital samples. The results of a concordance study are presented in which the DQ alpha genotypes of 84 samples prepared using Chelex or using conventional phenol-chloroform extraction are compared. The genotypes obtained using the two different extraction methods were identical for all samples tested.
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            Piscirickettsia salmonis: a Gram-negative intracellular bacterial pathogen of fish.

            Piscirickettsia salmonis is the first Gram-negative, intracellular bacterial pathogen isolated from fish and is a significant cause of mortality in salmonid fish. Recent reports of P. salmonis or P. salmonis-like organisms from new fish hosts and geographic regions have increased the interest in the bacterium. In this review, the important characteristics of the bacterium including recent taxonomic changes, features of the disease caused by the bacterium including transmission, hosts, reservoirs, diagnostic procedures, and current approaches for prevention and treatment have been discussed. The reader is also directed to other reviews concerning the bacterium and the disease it causes (Fryer & Lannan 1994, 1996; Almendras & Fuentealba 1997; Lannan, Bartholomew & Fryer 1999; House & Fryer 2002; Mauel & Miller 2002).
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              Development of a monocyte/macrophage-like cell line, RTS11, from rainbow trout spleen

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                amv
                Archivos de medicina veterinaria
                Arch. med. vet.
                Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile (Valdivia, , Chile )
                0301-732X
                2009
                : 41
                : 3
                : 261-267
                Affiliations
                [03] Valparaíso orgnamePUCV orgdiv1Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma Chile smarshal@ 123456ucv.cl
                [01] Valparaíso orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias orgdiv2Laboratorio de Genética, Inmunología Molecular y Bioinformática Chile
                [02] orgnameCentro Regional de Alimentos Saludables Chile
                Article
                S0301-732X2009000300011 S0301-732X(09)04100311
                7db66248-6ac2-4ea5-9308-0da777ef7172

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                COMMUNICATIONS

                genomic analysis,intracelular facultativo,Piscirickettsia salmonis,facultative intracellular,genómica

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